Risk factors of Heart disease Dr. Mahmoudian.

Risk factors for coronary artery atherosclerosis Hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia Hypertension Cigarette habituation Air pollution Diabetes mellitus Age Sex

Other risk factors for coronary artery atherosclerosis Family history of premature CAD Hypoalphalipoproteinemia Obesity Physical inactivity Syndromes of accelerated atherosclerosis - Graft atherosclerosis, CAD after cardiac transplantation

Other risk factors for coronary artery atherosclerosis Rheumatoid arthritis[ Metabolic syndrome Chronic inflammation Infectious agents Increased fibrinogen levels Increased lipoprotein(a) levels Familial hypercholesterolemia Depression

Novel Risk Factors C-reactive protein (Hs) Lipoprotein(a) Homocysteine (genetic, B12, B6, Folate Def) Tissue plasminogen activator Small, Dense LDL Fibrinogen Apo B100 ApoA1Lp

inflammation marker CRP, Adiponectin, Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), CD40 ligand lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A

Other factors Low serum testosterone levels have a significant negative impact on patients with CAD. [46] Erectile dysfunction increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality. This additional risk may be independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. [47] One study suggests women aged 50 years or younger who undergo a hysterectomy are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease later in life. [48] Oopherectomy also increases the risk for both coronary heart disease and stroke.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD), [42] chronic inflammatory diseases affecting connective tissues (eg, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), [43, 44] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]), [45] other markers of inflammation

Sugar Although high consumption of carbohydrates and sugar is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease risk in adults, not much is known about the effect of added sugars in US adolescents. A study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) , suggests that added sugar consumption is positively associated with an increase risk of cardiovascular disease in adolescents. The results of this study suggest that future risk of cardiovascular disease may be reduced by minimizing sugar intake.

Sugar A meta-analysis of multiple population studies associated chocolate consumption with a substantial risk reduction (approximately 30%) in cardiometabolic disorders, including coronary disease, cardiac deaths, diabetes, and stroke. The apparent benefits of chocolate may accrue from a beneficial impact of polyphenols present in cocoa products that increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide. These findings are based on observational studies, and further experimental studies are warranted to confirm the finding of a potential beneficial effect of chocolate consumption.

Stress Adrenergic stimulation during stress can increase myocardial oxygen requirements, can cause vasoconstriction, and has been linked to platelet and endothelial dysfunction [34] and metabolic syndrome. [35

Sleep A systemic review and meta-analysis by Cappuccio et al suggests that too little sleep (≤5-6 h per night) or too much sleep (>8-9 h per night) increases risk of coronary heart disease

Xanthelasmata The Copenhagen City Heart Study found that xanthelasmata (raised yellow patches around the eyelids) but not arcus corneae (white or grey rings around the cornea) constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease

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