Native American Cultures SS8H1 The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and impact of European exploration and settlement on Native American cultures in Georgia. (a, b, c)

Evolution of Native Cultures Through archaeological study we have pieced together the development of native cultures that inhabited Georgia prior to European contact. Early people are identified by cultural periods based on their hunting, eating, and group behavior. Paleo, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian

Paleo Indians Earliest people (paleolithic age) Lived until about 10,000 years ago, prior to 8000 B.C. People lived in groups of 25-50 people Nomadic hunters that followed herds Used wooden spears and Clovis points Diet included bison, mammoths, ground sloths and mastodons

Atlatl-Sling type tool which helped natives throw spears more accurately Arrow or spear Atlatl Photo by Catherine Hackney

Archaic Period These natives lived about 8000 B.C. to about 1000 B.C. Hunted smaller game like deer, bear, turkey, rabbit, and fish Used smaller spears, stone points; invented choppers, drills and other tools from deer antlers; and fish hooks from animal bones Moved during the different seasons to collect berries, nuts and fruit Less nomadic and began to save seeds for cultivation of plants and trees

Photo by Catherine Hackney

Woodland Indian Period About 1000 B.C. to about 1000 A.D. Tribes developed, several hundred families banding together. Began to build houses or large huts Created the bow and arrow for better hunting Created pottery for storage of food Diet included: squash, wild greens, sunflowers, berries, nuts, fish and game Traded among different tribes Burial mounds suggest religious ceremonies

Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site Georgia Department of Natural Resources Cartersville, GA

Mississippian Period Culture started around 700 A.D. until around 1600. Known as Temple Mound period, lived in villages of several thousand families with guard towers and palisades People grew most of their food, corn (maize), beans, pumpkins, squash and tobacco Religious people with beads, tattoos, and headdresses Photo by Catherine Hackney

European Contact

Colonization in the New World The Spanish were the first to settle and explore Georgia De Soto’s soldier’s kept journals of their exploration and contact with native people Brought diseases that killed more than ½ of the native people Created missions along the barrier islands

Spain (1540-1600) Wants to colonize Southeast: God: convert “Indians” to Christianity Gold: find riches and return to Europe Glory: keep rival European powers from claiming the land. (not necessarily in that order) St. Augustine: first settlement (military purpose) protect the gold!

Spanish Missions in Georgia http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/missions.htm

Spanish Missions Spain: Did not want to have civilians colonize the land: sent missionaries and soldiers (key to Spanish colonization) Missions: church outposts/barrier islands Franciscans (Friars): missionaries Georgia’s coast divided into two provinces: Guale (Wal-ee) north barrier islands Mocama: southern islands (down to St. Marys)

Ruins of supposed Spanish mission, Georgia

Guale and Mocama Guale: (1566) Pedro Menendez builds mission on St. Catherines Island: not entirely successful Mocama (1580’s): spread work along GA coast Juanillo Rebellion (1597): revolt at Guale Friars deny Juanillo position of Chief Revolt hurts Spanish colonization efforts

Explorers Photo by Catherine Hackney

French (1560’s) Had explored Canada and Northern territory Goal: Trade… Trade… Trade 1560’s: Huguenots (French Protestants) settle along the St. Johns create Charles Fort: first European fort in the New World (fails due to famine & hardships)

Church at Jamestown, VA Photo 2010 by Catherine Hackney

England (1600’s) Wants to claim territory in the New World Wants to settle permanent colonies King James I issues a charter: legal document creates Virginia Company 1607: Jamestown: first permanent English settlement in America 1600’s-1700’s: England colonizes the East Coast

England’s desire to compete with other countries (France and Spain) for power and glory MERCANTILISM-Favorable balance of trade (export more than import) -England now had a place to grow RAW MATERIALS to create goods for trade with other countries -Bring gold and silver into the country = strong military -England had laws to regulated this trade philosophy

Tobacco becomes a major cash crop

Freedom from Religious persecution Refuge for reformers Where they could practice their religion without harassment

Jamestown

Jamestown photos by Catherine Hackney

Review Georgia native peoples- Paleo, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian European Colonization- Spain, France, England St. Augustine is oldest Spanish settlement Jamestown is oldest English settlement in North America