February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future NUCLEAR POWER: SECURE ENERGY for the 21 st CENTURY Mike Corradini Nuclear Engineering & Engineering Physics Nuclear Power:Villain or Victim; M.Carbon, Pebble Beach Publishers (2002) Decision-Makers’ Forum: A Unified Strategy for Nuclear Energy (2004)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Need for a Unified Energy Strategy Internationally: n Population continues to increase worldwide n Energy usage growing at similar rates (1-2%/yr*) n Electrical energy usage increasing faster (>3%/yr*) Nationally: n Abundant & secure energy is critical to our future n Continued & growing concern of fossil fuel emission n Alternative energy technologies must be considered Need to ensure energy security with bipartisan initiatives and executive priority for nuclear energy *EIA (2002)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES Conditions for Sustainability: u Acceptable area usage u Minimal by-product streams u Economically feasible technology u Large supply of the energy resource u Neither the power source itself nor the technology to exploit it can be controlled by a few nations/regions (people/countries/regions)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Power Plant Land Use Required (km 2 / MW) Source: J. Davidson (2000) Nuclear 0.001/0.01 Biomass 5.2 Geothermal Coal 0.01/ MW POWER PLANTS RUNNING AT 100 % CAPACITY (8766 GWh/year)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future 1000 MWe-yr Power Plant Emission* Coal Gas Nuclear Sulfur-oxide ~ 1000 mt Nitrous-oxide ~ 5000 mt 400 mt Particulates ~ 1400 mt Trace elements ~ 50 mt** <1 mt Ash ~ 1million mt CO 2 > 7million mt 3.5mill. mt ** TRACE: e.g., Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic Spent Fuel mt Fission Products ~1-2 mt *Source: EIA (2002)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS Construction/Operation/Fuel Preparation (kg CO 2 / kWh) Hydro Geothermal Coal Natural Gas Solar-PV Nuclear Wind CO 2 Emissions (kg CO 2 /kWh) * Source: J. Davidson (2000)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Cost of Electricity (Global Average) (¢/kWh) * Source: J. Davidson (2000)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Top 10 Nuclear Countries (1999) billion kilowatt-hours U.S. nuclear electricity generation is:  as large as France and Japan (#2 and #3) combined; and  larger than the other 7 nations in the top 10 combined Source: IAEA

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Record U.S.Nuclear Electricity Production Source: EIA (Billions of Kilowatt-hours)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Industry Capacity Factor Continues at Record Level 86.8% in % in % in % in 2002

License Renewal:Extends Value Approved Calvert Cliffs 1,2 Oconee 1,2,3 Arkansas Nuclear One Unit 1 Hatch 1,2 Turkey Point 3, Arkansas Nuclear One Unit 2 Browns Ferry 2,3 Farley 1,2 Dresden 2,3 Quad Cities 1,2 Cook 1,2 Nine Mile Point 1, Brunswick 1, 2 Beaver Valley 1,2 Pilgrim Davis-Besse Millstone 2, Susquehanna 1,2 Already filed North Anna 1,2 Surry 1,2 Catawba 1,2 McGuire 1,2 Peach Bottom 2,3 St. Lucie 1,2 Fort Calhoun Robinson 2 Summer Ginna

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Safety of Current Nuclear Plants n There has not been a loss of life in the US due to commercial nuclear plants (TMI released a small amount of radiation) n Chernobyl accident - a terrible accident with a bad design u These plants are now closed or redesigned for operation u Russian nuclear plant operations are being assisted by IAEA n Regional deregulation of the electricity industry introduces challenges to continue & enhance the safety of nuclear plants. D - Upgrades of power plant equipment and reliable replacement schedule D - Risk-informed decision making by the industry should be cost-effective US nuclear plants are now self-insured via Price-Anderson Act and we should renew Price-Anderson legislation for long-term

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Nuclear Power High Level Waste (HLW) n All nuclear fuel cycle waste (except HLW) has been safely and reliably disposed through DoE and NRC regulations; milling, enrichment, fabrication by-products as LLW n Since 1982, US law ‘defines’ spent nuclear fuel as a HLW, since reprocessing has not occurred since 1976 (Japan & Europe currently reprocess spent nuclear fuel for recycle) n Spent fuel is currently stored at ~105 nuclear power plant sites (~ 2000 mt/yr; total ~50,000 mt) & is planned to be stored/buried at one site in the US (Yucca Mtn) n All nuclear electricity is taxed at 1mill/kwhre for a HLW fund (~$0.8 billion/yr; total fund ~ $20 billion) Reassert criteria, achieve licensing & begin operation of Yucca

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems Gen IV Generation IV êEnhanced Safety êImproved Economics êMinimized Wastes êProliferation Resistance êEnhanced Safety êImproved Economics êMinimized Wastes êProliferation Resistance Gen I Generation I Early Prototype Reactors Shippingport Dresden,Fermi-I Magnox Gen II Generation II Commercial Power Reactors LWR: PWR/BWR CANDU VVER/RBMK Gen III Generation III Advanced LWRs System 80+ EPR AP1000 ABWR

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Nuclear Energy: Defense-in-Depth Reliable Operation - Safety is foremost - ‘Doing it right’ Credible Regulation - Risk-based stds. - Public access Improving Engr. System Designs -Instrumentation - Materials - New plants (GenIII) require predictable plant licensing processes - Enhance and reestablish a vibrant human infrastructure

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Nuclear Safety Enhanced n Current nuclear power plants have high levels of safety: i.e., reliable operation, low occupational radioactivity dose to workers and with minimal risk and health effects from severe accidents. n Future nuclear reactor systems will meet and exceed safety performance of current reactors. n Decay heat removal, minimize transients and allow time for operator actions are the keys to successful safety performance. n Advanced LWR’s will be simplified, thus more economic and continue to minimize emissions Deploy advanced light-water reactor systems (GenIII)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Advanced LWR: AP-1000

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Advanced LWR: ESBWR

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Generation IV Reactor Systems n Safety: must meet and exceed current nuclear power plant reliability, occupational radiation exposure and risk of accident consequences n Sustainability: minimize waste streams during spent fuel disposal or reprocessing and recycle n Proliferation and Physical Protection of facilities n Economics: continue to reduce the total cost of electricity ($/Mwhr-e) to remain competitive with leading technologies (e.g., gas, coal and wind) Develop and demo advanced reactors & fuel cycles (GenerationIV)

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) o Characteristics o High temperature coolant o °C outlet temp. o 600 MWth o Water-cracking cycle o Key Benefit o High thermal efficiency o Hydrogen production by water-cracking by High- Temp Electrolysis or Thermo-chemical decomposition

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Process Heat for Hydrogen Production Hydrogen CxHy Carbon Recycle 200 C 1000 C Thermochemical Processes LM Condensed Phase Reforming (pyrolysis) Aqueous-phase Carbohydrate Reforming (ACR) H2, CO2 CATALYST AQUEOUS CARBOHYDRATE

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Hi-Temp. Electrolysis Process

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future GAS-COOLED REACTOR

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Nuclear Power Fuel Cycle [1000 MWe-yr – (A) Once Thru (B) U-Pu recycle] IAEA-1997 Mining/Milling Convert/Enrichment Fuel Fabrication Reactor (1000MWe) Reprocessing Plant Milling waste stream Conv/Enrich Waste Tails Fuel Fabrication Waste Spent Fuel as Waste Reprocessing Waste (FP) U 3 O 8 &daughters (A)10 mt (B) 6mt UF 6 &daughters (A) 167mt(B) 0.5mt (A) 205mt (B)120mt (A) 37mt (B)11.5mt (A) 36.8mt (B) 36.4mt (U-Pu) (A) 35.7 mt U, 0.32mt Pu (B) 36mt U, 0.5mt Pu (B) 1.1 mt U, 5kg Pu UO 2 & daughters (A) 0.2mt (B) 0.16mt

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future Liquid-Metal Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) Characteristics Na, Pb or Pb/Bi coolant 550°C to 800°C outlet temperature 120–400 MWe Key Benefit Waste minimization and efficient use of uranium resources

February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future To Advance the Use of Nuclear Energy:  Ensure energy security with bipartisan initiatives and an executive branch priority on nuclear energy  Enact long-term Price-Anderson legislation  Demonstrate predictable nuclear plant licensing processes  Reassert criteria, achieve licensing & begin operation of Yucca Mountain Repository  Deploy current light-water reactors in the U.S. (Gen-III)  Develop/demonstrate advanced reactors & fuel cycles (GenIV)  Reestablish a vibrant educational infrastructure =>Build public confidence and support for nuclear energy