Mineralogy Minerals and crystals. World’s largest crystals: A cave in the Naica Lead Zinc mine, Mexico.

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Presentation transcript:

Mineralogy Minerals and crystals

World’s largest crystals: A cave in the Naica Lead Zinc mine, Mexico

Miners in Cueva de los Crystals: the mineral gypsum Crystals of a variety of gypsum (CaSO 4.2H 2 O) precipitated from hot water at 60 degrees celsius in a limestone cave in the Naica mine

Minerals Tourmaline on Feldspar Emerald Beryl (Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6

Crystal Shapes Halite (NaCl) Diamond (C) Quartz (SiO 2 ) Garnet (Fe 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 ) Stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ) Calcite (CaCO 3 )

Pyrite (FeS 2 ) crystals

Feldspars – two of the most important rock-forming minerals Plagioclase Albite – NaAlSi 3 O 8 Anorthite CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 K-feldspar KAlSi 3 O 8 Microcline Orthoclase Sanidine

Colours and forms of quartz Milky quartz Rose quartz Amethyst Citrine

Quartz crystals displaying prism and pyramid faces

Faces display consistent angular relationships Quartz Crystal Angles measured with a goniometer Prism Pyramid

Crystals have ordered arrangements of atoms Order Disorder

X-ray beam splits into numerous smaller beams. Interference of waves of different beams produces a diffraction pattern on a screen or film. The pattern indicates the spacing and arrangement of atoms. X-ray diffraction

Surface of galena (PbS) imaged With an atomic force microscope Atomic structure of galena (PbS) Sulphur Lead

The atomic structure of halite (NaCl) Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding – transfer of electrons Cation + Anion -

Relative sizes of ions Ion co-ordination

The atomic structure of diamond Covalent bonding

The source of Diamonds Kimberlite containing diamond The ‘Big Hole’ at Kimberly, South Africa

Cutting diamonds

Covalent bonding – sharing of electrons

Atomic structure of graphite Covalent bonding within sheet Van der Waal’s bonding between sheets

Ice Crystals Hydrogen bonding

The silicon tetrahedron

Silicate Structures Inosilicate (Single chain) Sheet silicate Nesosilicate (Double chain) Framework silicate SiO SiO 3 2- Si 4 O SiO 2 Si 4 O

(Fe,Mg) 2 SiO 4 Nesosilicate Olivine

Diopside CaMgSi 2 O 6 Hypersthene (Fe,Mg)SiO 3 Inosilicate (Single Chain) Pyroxene

Inosilicate (Double Chain) Amphibole Tremolite Ca 2 Mg 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Riebeckite Na 2 Fe 5 Si 8 O 22( OH) 2 Tigers Eye

Sheet Silicate Biotite KAl(Fe,Mg) 3 Si 3 O 10 (OH) 2 Muscovite KAl 3 Si 3 O 10 (OH) 2

Asbestos Uses and risks (Insulation, heat, fire resistance) Serpentine (Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 Chrysotile (Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4

Framework Silicate Quartz SiO 2 Plagioclase Albite NaAlSi 3 O 8 Anorthite CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 K-feldspar KAlSi 3 O 8 Amethyst SiO 2

Relationship of Quartz structure to Feldspar Structure Imagine four SiO 2 molecules 4 x SiO 2 = Si 4 O 8 Substitute Al 3+ for Si 4+ in one of these molecules SiO 2 +AlO 2 +SiO 2 +SiO 2 = AlSi 3 O 8 - Add Na + or K + to supply missing charge = NaAlSi 3 O 8 or KAlSi 3 O 8 SiO 2 +AlO 2 + SiO 2 = Al 2 Si 2 O 8 2- Add Ca 2+ to supply missing charge = CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 Albite K-Feldspar Anorthite