Q 6. How to measure BOD? 1. Measure the volume of a sample of water in a dark bottle. Measure its oxygen level by oxygen meter / chemical method. 2. Incubate.

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Q 6. How to measure BOD? 1. Measure the volume of a sample of water in a dark bottle. Measure its oxygen level by oxygen meter / chemical method. 2. Incubate the water at 20 oC in dark to prevent photosynthesis for 5 days. 3. Measure the oxygen level again. 4. The difference between the 2 oxygen level is BOD.

BOD (Biological oxgen demand) -the amount of oxygen used (0.5) by organism (0.5) in a fixed volume of water(0.5) over a specified period of time (~5 days). - indicate the amount of organic matter and microorganisms  indicate the degree of water pollution BOD high  degree of pollution high BOD low  degree of pollution low  clean water

Tubifex worms / blood worms - can tolerate to low oxygen level - indicator species of polluted and anoxic water Mayfly nymph / dragonfly nymph - cannot tolerate to low oxygen level - indicator species of clean water with high oxygen level

Q11 (a) Account for the changes in level of (i) dissolve oxygen (ii) ammonium compounds (iii) nitrate compounds in the river water below the source of pollution.

1. Point of outfall of sewage (organic matter e.g. urea, Q11 (a) Sequence of events 1. Point of outfall of sewage (organic matter e.g. urea, protein, dietary fibre + bacteria)  Organic pollution

Q11 (a) Sequence of events decomposer (bacteria+fungi) 2. organic matter ------------------------- ammonium O2 3. Ammonium --------------- nitrite  nitrate ammonium nitrate 4. O2  clean water species + polluted species Nitrate  algae