Type of cell where found B2 Cells and simple transport: Part 1: cell, ribosomes, respiration, chemical reactions, protein, nucleus, cell membrane, chloroplasts, cell wall, mitochondrion, vacuole, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, sap, cytoplasm ORGANELLE FUNCTION Type of cell where found Plant Animal NUCLEUS Controls all activities of the cell. Contains genes on the chromosomes. Carries the instructions for making new cells or organisms. Y CYTOPLASM   Where chemical reactions take place CELL MEMBRANE Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell. MITOCHONDRIA Structures in the cytoplasm where oxygen is used and energy is released using respiration. RIBOSOMES Where protein synthesis takes place, all proteins needed for the cell are made here. CELL WALL Made of cellulose that strengthens and gives support to plant cells. N CHLOROPLASTS Found in the green parts of plants. They are green because they contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy to make food by photosynthesis. LARGE PERMENANT VACUOLE Is the space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. This is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant. Animal cells: label the main parts. Cell membrane Cytoplasm nucleus mitochondrion Plant and algal cells: label the parts Cell wall Cell membrane vacuole Chloroplast Cytoplasm nucleus

Yeast cells Yeast is a single celled fungus. B2 Cells and simple transport Part 2: diffusion, nucleus, oxygen, cell wall, high, faster, cytoplasm, lower, cell membrane, Yes, concentration, no. Yeast cells Yeast is a single celled fungus. Bacterial cells: Key fact: Although bacteria contain genetic material, they do not have a nucleus. Cell membrane Cytoplasm nucleus Cell wall Cell wall Cytoplasm Cell membrane Simple cell transport Dissolved substances move into and out of cells by diffusion. The net (overall) movement of particles is from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down a concentration gradient). The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion. Example: Oxygen gas diffuses into cells through the cell membrane and is used during respiration. Chromosome Feature Animal Plant or algae Bacteria Yeast Cell membrane Yes Nucleus No Chloroplast Cell wall Cytoplasm

Neurones (nerve cells) B2 Specialised cells: mesophyll, surface area, haemoglobin, leaves, xylem, differentiate, energy, sugars impulses, chloroplasts, nucleus, water, oxygen, mitochondria, insulated, soil, phloem, root hair Red blood cells. Unlike most animal cells, these do not contain a nucleus. This allows more space inside for haemoglobin which carries oxygen. The biconcave disc shape creates a larger surface area for faster diffusion of oxygen. Mesophyll cells These are found in plant leaves. They contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Specialised cells Cells of multicellular organisms may differentiate and become adapted for specific functions. Xylem and phloem Xylem vessels are dead and hollow, allowing them to easily transport water and minerals up the plant. Phloem cells are long, thin tubes which transport sugars up and down the plant. Sperm cells These have many mitochondria. This allows faster respiration to provide energy for movement. Root hair cells. These are found on plant roots. They have a large surface area for rapid uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil. Neurones (nerve cells) These are long and insulated. This allows them to transmit nerve impulses rapidly.

Muscular tissue, contracts helping to mix and churn the food. B2 Tissues, Organs and Organ systems Organs, outside, glandular, churn, organ, faeces, absorption, liver, tissue, inside, cells, muscular, digestive, epithelial, small, water, digests, function, digestion, bile, salivary, large, systems The stomach: As an organ the stomach is made from several tissues, each with a specific function. Muscular tissue, contracts helping to mix and churn the food. Glandular tissue, makes digestive juices including protease and hydrochloric acid. Epithelial tissue covers the outside and inside of the stomach. Tissues, organs and organ systems A group of similar cells working together to perform a function is called a tissue. An organ is made from several types of tissue working together. Organ systems are groups of organs that perform a particular function. eg digestive system. The digestive system Salivary glands – make digestive juice. Stomach – digests proteins. Liver – makes bile. Pancreas – a gland that makes digestive juice. Small intestine – digestion and absorption of soluble food. Large intestine – absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces.

Plant Organs. Label the plant organs. Inside a leaf: B2 Plant tissues and organs: leaves, epidermis, stem, vein, tissues roots, phloem, water, mesophyll, xylem, photosynthesis, organ Plant Organs. Label the plant organs. Inside a leaf: As an organ the leaf contains several types of different tissues. Upper epidermis covers the plant The vein contains: xylem tissue which transports water and mineral ions. phloem tissue which transports sugars Leaves Stem Mesophyll tissue carries out photosynthesis. Roots Lower epidermis covers the plant