1. Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level
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Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level
Cells

2. You should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

3. A section through a liver cell (animal cell):
cell membrane
nucleus
controls what enters and leaves the cell
contains the DNA and so controls the cell
cytoplasm
DNA
metabolic (chemical) reactions occur here
contains the coded instructions to make proteins

4. Section through a palisade cell of a leaf (plant cell)
chloroplast
cell membrane
Site of photosynthesis
large sap vacuole
nucleus
Storage of nutrients and waste products.
cellulose cell wall
cytoplasm
Provides protections and support for cell

5. You should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

6. Comparing animal and plant cells
Found in both animal and plant cells
Found only in plant cells
cell membrane
cellulose cell wall
nucleus
large sap vacuole
cytoplasm
chloroplast

7. You should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

8. Red blood cells transport oxygen
cytoplasm contains no nucleus
cell surface membrane
allows more room for haemoglobin
cytoplasm contains haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a protein which carries the oxygen molecules
bi-concave disc shape
increases surface area over which absorption of oxygen can occur

9. Muscle cells contract and enable movement of the body
Muscle cells have many nuclei
nucleus
cell surface membrane
protein strands
The strands of protein slide over each other making the muscle cell (fibre) shorter and causing the muscle to contract

10. Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust away from the lungs
Cilia are small extensions of the cell. They beat rhythmically to sweep mucus, which has trapped bacteria and dust, away from the lungs
nucleus
magnification X3000

11. Xylem vessels transport water and minerals up the plant
xylem vessels are continuous tubes
xylem vessel
no cytoplasm
hollow: allows for continuous flow of water and dissolved mineral ions
lignin
water-proof and strong;
helps support the plant
longitudinal section
cross-section

12. Root hair cells absorb minerals and water from the soil
Cross-section of a root hair cell
cell membrane
semi-permeable, so will allow water and mineral ions into the cell
cytoplasm
contains no chloroplasts as no photosynthesis is needed
root hair cell
increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions

13. You should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

14. A tissue is a group of cell of similar structure that form a shared function
upper epidermal
tissue
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll tissue
lower epidermal
Tissues found in the leaf
Cross-section of a leaf
Animal tissues:
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

15. An organ is a structure made of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions
heart
lungs
liver
stomach
brain
kidneys
Plant organs include the stem and the leaves

16. An organ system is a group of organs that coordinate to perform related functions
lymphatic
system
digestive
system
reproductive
system
skeletal
system
endocrine
system
respiratory
system
excretory
system
muscular
system
nervous
system
circulatory
system
In plants the shoot is an organ system consisting of leaves and the stem

17. Levels of organisation
systems
cell
tissue
organ
organism
nerve cell
nervous tissue
brain
nervous
system
Homo sapiens
smallest
largest

18. Now you should be able to:
Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.
Now you should be able to
Explain why many animals have a heart and circulation (a mass transport system)
And
Explain the importance of water as a solvent in transport, including its dipole nature.

19. Now write down everything you remember
Don’t refer to your text book straight away, see what information you have retained.
Check the notes you have made by re-watching the video or checking your book

20. Cambridge IGCSE Biology
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