Conceptual Physics 11th Edition Chapter 5: NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

This lecture will help you understand: Forces and Interactions Newton’s Third Law of Motion Summary of Newton’s Laws Vectors

Forces and Interactions is between one thing and another. requires a pair of forces acting on two objects. Example: interaction of hand and wall pushing on each other Force pair—you push on wall; wall pushes on you.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Action and reaction forces one force is called the action force; the other force is called the reaction force. are co-pairs of a single interaction. neither force exists without the other. are equal in strength and opposite in direction. always act on different objects.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Reexpression of Newton’s third law: To every action there is always an opposed equal reaction. Example: Tires of car push back against the road while the road pushes the tires forward.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Simple rule to identify action and reaction Identify the interaction—one thing interacts with another Action: Object A exerts a force on object B. Reaction: Object B exerts a force on object A. Example: Action—rocket (object A) exerts force on gas (object B). Reaction—gas (object B) exerts force on rocket (object A).

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Action and Reaction on Different Masses Cannonball: Cannon: The same force exerted on a small mass produces a large acceleration. The same force exerted on a large mass produces a small acceleration. F m = a F m = a

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Defining Your System Consider a single enclosed orange. Applied external force causes the orange to accelerate in accord with Newton’s second law. Action and reaction pair of forces is not shown.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Consider the orange and the apple pulling on it. Action and reaction do not cancel (because they act on different things). External force by apple accelerates the orange.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Consider a system comprised of both the orange and the apple The apple is no longer external to the system. Force pair is internal to system, which doesn’t cause acceleration. Action and reaction within the system cancel. With no external forces, there is no acceleration of system.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Consider the same system, but with external force of friction on it. Same internal action and reaction forces (between the orange and apple) cancel. A second pair of action-reaction forces (between the apple’s feet and the floor) exists.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion One of these acts by the system (apple on the floor) and the other acts on the system (floor on the apple). External frictional force of floor pushes on the system, which accelerates. Second pair of action and reaction forces do not cancel.

Summary of Newton’s Three Laws of Motion Newton’s first law of motion (the law of inertia) An object at rest tends to remain at rest; an object in motion tends to remain in motion at constant speed along a straight-line path. Newton’s second law of motion (the law of acceleration) When a net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass. Newton’s third law of motion (the law of action and reaction) Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.