Getting to the root of the “Root” word Etymology 101 Getting to the root of the “Root” word

What Did Europeans Create? THE ONLY THINGS IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE THE EUROPEANS CREATED WERE THE DISTORATION; THE LIE; THE HIDDEN INFORMATION

Review: Why Etymology? Etymology is the study of the etymon or origin of words. Last week, we discussed the meaning of words with the roots ori, nat, gen, and kin. All of these words relate back to the idea of BIRTH and the SOURCE. The etymon is the root meaning of the word. Etymology can increase the number of words a child can learn per week. Etymology can help students learn at least 60 new words per week.

Review: Why Etymology? Europeans have used linguistics to socially control us via our misunderstanding of language. By applying connotative or additional/shaded meanings to words, we bury the denotative meaning, which suppresses the true meaning of the word. The meaning of words all have a cultural context. Europeans added connotative meanings to words to take the word out of its cultural context; this causes misunderstanding or lack of knowledge of ancient customs and practices. We want to get back to the principles and customs of our ancient mothers and fathers so that we can use astrology, geometry, metaphysics, and cosmology to heal ourselves and heighten our frequency.

Etymology Etymology consists of The key to developing ones’ vocabulary is etymology. Etymology: The study of the origins of words. Etym (true sense; origin) + ology (the study of) Etymology consists of Word Parts (Affixes and Roots) Word Origins (Latin; Greek; German; etc…) How words change over time Word cognates in various languages within a language family.

Word Parts: Prefix A prefix is a word part that is placed at the beginning of a word. Pre (before) + fix (to fasten) Interview Other Examples: Interact Review React

Word Parts: Prefix A prefix changes the meaning of a word Examples: construct; reconstruct; deconstruct Struct (the root) means to build Con + struct: to build together/with Re + con + struct: to build together again De + con + struct: to build down

Prefix Rules A prefix can function as an intensifier. Example: Confirm: con + firm (to make more firm). Firm is a root indicating strength. Obtain: ob + tain (a stronger version of attain). The root tain means to stretch and hold.

Word Parts: Suffix A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word. lawful Suff (after) + fix (to fasten) happiness Other Examples: hopeful goodness

Word Parts: Suffix A suffix can change the part of speech of a word Noun Suffix Endings -age: mileage; postage; damage -ship: fellowship; friendship; sportsmanship Verb Suffix Endings -ate (calculate; meditate; evaporate) - ize/ise (memorize; sympathize; comprise) Adjective Suffix Ending - able (capable; lovable) -al (national; natural; seasonal) Adverb Endings -ly (nationally; naturally; swiftly) - where (somewhere; anywhere)

Suffix Rules A word can have as many as three suffixes Example: constitution; constitutional; constitutionality Root: sti: to stand Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al + ity

Suffix Rules Suffixes have meanings Like State of/Condition/Quality Musical; comical; classical Fantastic; realistic; Slavic State of/Condition/Quality Appointment; retirement Insistence; patience; inheritance One who: Physician; musician; politician Teacher; barber; carpenter Artist; pianist; astrologist

Word Parts: Roots What is the Root? The root is the main part of a word. It is the part of the word which the prefix and suffix are fastened. Remember: pre (before) + fix (fasten) suf (after) + fix (fasten) Think of the roots as the anchor that carries the basic meaning of a word. The root word part is like the root of a plant. It carries meaning or nutrients to allow a word to blossom and grow.

Word Parts: Roots Cred: to believe Incredible: Creditor: In (not) + cred (believe) + ible (able) Definition: not able to believe Creditor: Cred(it) + or (a person who) Definition: a person that determines whether you can be trusted or believed

Word Parts: Roots Ject: to throw Reject: Project: Interject: Re (back) + ject (throw): Definition: to throw back Project: Pro (forward) + ject (throw) Definition: to throw forward Interject: Prefix: Inter Definition: to throw between

Word Parts: All Together

Prefix-Suffix-Root Line Prefix Root Suffix 3P 2P 1P 0 1S 2S 3S _______________________________________________

What’s the Root of this Word? Conspicuous con + spic + uous: visible, open to view, striking   Resist Re + sist To stand against

What’s the Root of this Word?   Respect Re + spect To look back (and see someone); to regard Restitution Re + sti(t) + ut(e) + ion The quality or condition of standing again Institute In + stit + ut(e) + ion To cause to stand (i.e. establish)

What’s the Root of this Word? Reparations Re + par +at(e) + ion The condition or quality of putting back in order/arranging (par=to arrange; re=again) Establish E + stabl(e) + ish To make stable

What’s the Root of this Word? Regard Re + gard (as in guard) To look or to heed Subject Sub + ject To throw under   Speculative Spec + (ul) + at(e) +ive Describing something that has been looked at or examined intellectually

Semantic Discussions Which words have similar meanings Speculative; conspicuous Restitution; reparation Establish; institute Respect; regard Think about your understanding of the word subject. It is used in various contexts. One context is school. Knowing the definition, why do you think they refer to the different fields of study as “subjects”.

Semantic Discussions (con…) Another context of subject is to use it as a verb- to subject a person to cruel and unusual punishment is a violation of the Constitution. How does this relate back to our understanding of the denotative meaning of the word subject? The word resist has the same root form as consist, insist, and assist. Based on the change in prefix, what is the meaning of the each of the three words mentioned above?

The Matrix Map (Beginner)

The Matrix Map (Advanced)

The Matrix Map (Beginner)

The Matrix Map (Advanced)

Word and the National Origin English is the youngest language on the planet; it is a compilation of tongues of the world. We are often told that these words are mostly from Latin and Greek; however, most words can be traced back to Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Egyptian. Knowing the origin of words is important because it can direct you to the basic and most fundamental meaning of a word. Words have connotative and denotative meanings (see in slides later). Having knowledge of both will help you understand more accurately many of the words with which you already may be somewhat familiar.

Denotation vs Connotation This is the literal meaning of a word. It translates as from the letters/markings. That is, the meaning is from the original markings (see etymology). Connotation: This is the shaded/colored meaning. It translates as added letters/markings

What is the Connotation? Stench Scent Definition: a smell, a scent, an odor. Etymology: O.E. stenc; Old Saxon stanc; Old German stank- to emit a smell. Evil odor meaning applied in 1200 c. Definition: what can be smelled. Etymology: O.F. sentir; Latin sentire- to feel, perceive, sense, discern, hear, see

Defining Words: The Matrix Principle

Indo European Languages Indo European refers to the language and people that historically range from Europe to present day India. Indo Europeans existed during Bronze Age and yet had to split into sub-families, such as Armenian, Albanian, Anatolian, , Baltics, Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic (Greek), Indo-Iranian /Aryan, Italic, and Tocharian. There are 439 languages and dialects amongst these sub-families, which further break down into several hundred languages families. Note: Baltic and Slavic are often combined into one sub- family group, called the Balto-Slavic language family.

Indo-European Language Family Tree

Proto Indo European Roots English is a Western Germanic language that follows a Latin spelling pattern; thus, it appears to be a Romance language, which is linguistically classified as Italic. We often look Proto-Indo-European roots of words because their cognates in various languages hold the same meaning. For example:

Proto Indo European Roots Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is not a language, but a reconstruction of a language said to be the ancestor of modern Indo-European Languages. It was spoken in an (as of yet) unidentified area between eastern Europe and the Aral Sea around the fifth millennium B.C°. American Heritage Dictionary PIE roots are the most basic form of the root of a word to which it can be traced back to throughout the Indo European family of languages. The map provides a good indication of how this works.

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which means Birth, Source, or Origin PIE Example #1 The roots gen, nat, nasc, and kin all share a PIE root. The PIE for the above root is gen- which means Birth, Source, or Origin

PIE Example #1 (con…) Basic Form: genƏ With Suffix: genƏ-es Latin: genus; race and kind Gender, general, genre, miscegenation Greek: genos and gena; race. Gene, genocide, genealogy, heterogeneous With suffix: gen(Ə)-yo Latin genius; procreative divinity; inborn Genial, genius, congenial With suffix gen(Ə)-men Latin: germen; shoot, bud, embryo Germinate, germane, germinal

PIE Example #1 (con…) O-Grade Form: gonƏ, reduced to gon Greek: gonos, child, procreation, seed Gonad, gonadotherapy, aganogony Sanskrit: janah; off-spring, child, person Harijan

PIE Example #1 (con…) Zero-grade form: gnƏ With Suffix: gnƏ-yo OE: cyn(n), race, family, kin Kin, kindred OE: cyning; king. From Germanic: kuningaz Both cyn and kuningaz come from Germanic kunjuam, family With Suffix: gnƏ-t; gnƏ-ti, gnƏ-to OE: cynd, gecynde(e); origin, birth, race, family, kind kind Germanic: kundjaz; race, family Latin: gens, from genti; race, clan Genteel, gentile, gentle, gentry, jaunty, gendarme Greek: genesis, birth, beginning Old High German: kind, kentham; child Kindergarten, Kriss Kringle, wunderkind

PIE Example #1 (con…) Zero-Grade Form (con…) Sanskirt: jata; born Reduplicated form: gi-gn(Ə) Latin: gignere; to beget (past participle of genitus) Genital, progenitor, primogeniture, progeny, gingerly Reduced form: gn and suffix form –gn-o Latin: benignus, malignus; benign, malign Transliterated: gna Latin: praegnas Pregnant, impregnate Suffixed form: gnƏ-sko to gna-sko Latin: gnasic, nasci (past participle gnatus, natus) Natal, nation, nature, noel, cognate, Renaissance, Puny Reduced form: gn Sanskrit: krmi-ja

Which means to stand or remain in place PIE Example #2 The roots sti, sta, stat, sis, sist, and syst all share a PIE root. The PIE root for the above roots is Hint: look up words with the roots named above. Constitute; Station; Statistic; System; Consistent Sta- Which means to stand or remain in place

PIE Example #2 Sta in Latin is stare or stat-. In Germanic, STAND, STEOOL, STEM, STEED, STUD, STEER. Old English stead, stod. Standan: to stand Stede: place Steal: place where cattle are kept In Old Norse standa. Stedi: anvil Stallr: pedestal for idols, altar In Old Saxon and Gothic standan (to stand) In Old High German stantan. In Swedish sta, Dutch staan, German Stehen Stall: stable

PIE Example #2 Indo-Iranian Hellenic: Italic Old Irish Sessam: the act of standing Indo-Iranian Sanskrit: tisthati, (stands) Avenstan: histaiti, (to stand) Persian: stan (country; where one stands) Hellenic: Histemi: put, place, cause to stand; weigh, stasis: a standing still statos: placed stater: a weight; coin stylos: pillar Italic In Latin: Sister: stand still, stop, make stand, place, produce in court stare status: manner, position, condition, attitude statio: station, post

PIE Example # 3 Balto-Slavic Lithuanian: stojus (place myself) statau (place) Old Church Slavic: Staja (place myself) Stanu (position)

Practice with PIE Roots Step 1: Identify the PIE for the following words: Actuary Affidavit Advisory Fealty Navigate Nice Scientific Soprano Sovereign Witness

Practice with PIE Roots Answers to Step 1: Identifying the PIE root Actuary (act)- ag Affidavit (fid)- bheidh Advisory (vid)- weid Fealty (fea)- bheidh Navigate (ig)- ag Nice (sci)- skei Scientific (sci)- skei Soprano (sopra)- uper Sovereign (sover)- uper Witness (wit)-weid

Practice with PIE Roots Step 2: Find three cognates in various Indo European languages (preferably Latin, French, Old or Middle English, Germanic, or Greek) Step 3: Give at least 5 other words in Modern English with the same PIE root.

Legal Terms Black - bhel: to shine a bright color; white Colored Look Up the following Words and Identify the Meaning based on the Proto Indo European Root. Black - bhel: to shine a bright color; white Colored - kel: to hide or conceal Orphan - orbh: to change one’s allegiance; to pass from one status to another

Legal Terms and Etymology The legal meaning correlates to the derivative meaning, as seen in “Black’s Law Dictionary” (4th ed).

Legal Terms and Etymology Black Blanc (French) Blanco (Spanish) bhleg- to shine, white Black was not associated with “the pupil of the eye” until as early as the 700s AD and as late as 1400s AD, in many https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yrZpTHBEss

Thank You Thank you for your time and attention. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments. B.Selah Li-Bey The Cultivated Mind Learning Program Selah Educational Services LLC www.cultivated-minds.com thecultivatedmind@yahoo.com