Warm-up 2/3/15 1.What kinds of conditions do workers face in the Gilded Age? 2.What was the Populist Movement and what were their goals? 3.What was the Gold V. Silver Standard debate about? How does this help us understand monetary policy today? 4.Do the Populists succeed in changing the conditions of society? Do they change the Gold Standard? Why?

Pt. 3: Labor Unions

What is a Labor Union? An organization of wage earners formed for the purpose of serving the members' interests with respect to wages and working conditions.

People refuse to buy a company's product until the company meets demands. Boycott Labor Strike One method for having demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It is a very effective form of attack. Labor Union Workers who organize against their employers to seek better wages and working conditions for wage earners. New immigrants who would replace strikers and work for less pay. Often violence would erupt between strikers and scabs who were trying to cross picket lines to work. Scab Worker

A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor. Black List List of people disliked by business owners because they were leaders in the Union. Often would lose their jobs, beaten up or even killed. Type of negotiation between an employer and labor union where they sit down face to face and discuss better wages, etc. Collective Bargaining Closed Shop Yellow Dog Contracts A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company

Lock Out Owner of industry would “lock out” workers who were trying to form a union and replace them with “scabs”. Cooperatives Industry or business organization owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services—non-profit

Why unions???

Labor Unites Industrialization Urbanization Immigration Large disenfranchised population Populist Movement: First attempt of the people to reform capital and labor relationship. Leads to…

Present Day Labor Reform Read article and answer questions

“Solidarity Forever!” by Ralph Chapin (1915) When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, But the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

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Think this is ancient history? THINK AGAIN! LOOK TO NORTH CAROLINA IN 2013!

Unionization in 20 th Century America ► An organized association of workers formed to protect andfurther their rights and interests. ► An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests. ► In 1900, 1 in 12 workers unionized. Bricklayers Union, PA, 1900

Americans were suspicious of labor unions because they tended to go against laissez faire and capitalism. Labor strikes were often ended in violence Haymarket Riot

National Labor Union William Sylvis, 1866 Skilled, unskilled, farmers but excluded Chinese… CooperativesCooperatives, 8 hr. work day, against labor strikes Founded a political party in 1872 Chinese Exclusion ActInvolved in the Chinese Exclusion Act. Lost election, faded away Replaced by Knights of Labor. Knights of Labor Terrence Powderly All workers except Chinese 8 hr. day, cooperatives, prohibition, end child labor Several strikes won some wage gains 1885 to 1886 Unrealistic and vague goals Loss of important strikes and failure of cooperatives Haymarket Riot—1886 American Federation of Labor or AFL Samuel Gompers, 1881 Skilled workers in separate unions. Work within political system for change. Closed shop collective bargainingClosed shop and collective bargaining Over 1 million workers joined and won several strikes Small part of work force eligible to join.

Knights of Labor Labor union, sought to organize workers Goals were: end of land grants to the railroads prohibition of child laborers under 14 gender equality in pay

American Federation of Labor (AFL) Founded by Samuel Gompers Organized skilled workers in a specific trade

The Growth of Unions American Federation of Labor (AFL)AFL Samuel Gompers ► Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)  Advocated socialism: government control of business and equal distribution of wealth. In 1882, on average, 675 laborers were killed in work-related accidents each WEEK!

Pt. 4: Major Labor Conflicts of the 1880s & 1890s

-Founder of the Socialist Party in the U.S. -Overthrow the existing laissez faire system government ownership -Believes in government ownership of business and capital (money, natural resources) -Government controls production, sets wages, prices and distributes the goods. No profit or competition. -Runs for the presidency several times & loses. (won 6% of popular vote at one point)

The Incredible Hulk (Actor Mark Ruffalo) reads a speech by Debs: v=zuGp-0G1p4M

MORRILL TARIFF ACT, 1862 MORRILL TARIFF ACT, 1862 To protect and encourage American industry, Congress passed this tariff after the South seceded from the Union. NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM, 1863 NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM, 1863 To stimulate the economy and set up a banking system, Congress passed this act which was a significant step towards a unified, national banking system until replaced by the Federal Reserve in MORRILL ACT, 1862 MORRILL ACT, 1862 To promote education, Congress provided grants of public lands to the states for support of education. “Land-grant colleges” LAND GRANTS TO RAILROADS LAND GRANTS TO RAILROADS US Govt. donated land to railroad companies to encourage growth of this mode of transportation. US Govt. donated approx. 160 million acres of land…….

Railroad Workers Organize  The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Railway workers protested unfair wage cuts and unsafe working conditions. The strike was violent and unorganized. President Hayes sent federal troops to put down the strikes. −From then on, employers relied on federal and state troops to repress labor unrest.

 Debs and the American Railway Union –At the time of the 1877 strike, railroad workers mainly organized into various “brotherhoods,” which were basically craft unions. –Eugene V. Debs proposed a new industrial union for all railway workers called the American Railway Union (A.R.U.). –The A.R.U. would replace all of the brotherhoods and unite all railroad workers, skilled and unskilled. Railroad Workers Organize

THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 The great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 16, when railroad workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged a spontaneous strike after yet another wage cut. After President Rutherford Hayes sent federal troops to West Virginia to save the nation from “insurrection,” the strike spread across the nation. A picture of burned railroad cars during the mass strike

Haymarket Square: Chicago 1886 =workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine Company struck for an 8 hour day (They wanted a reduction in the amount of hours they worked in a given day). However, the Knights of Labor (union) did not support their actions. =police came - four strikers killed and several wounded. =next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists spoke up against police & treatment of workers. =Thousands protest the killings and during the rally the police break up the meeting - someone threw a bomb at police - 7 police die. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured. Result: Anti-Labor feelings sweep the nation and membership in the Knights of Labor Union fell drastically!

Haymarket Riot 1886: Chicago, Illinois Workers went on strike for an 8-hour workday Action of Industry? Tried to break the strikes, fights eventually broke out between strikers & strikebreakers

Action of government? Police intervention, some tried for murder Effect? Americans become wary of labor unions Knights of Labor blamed

Homestead Steel Strike: Workers went on strike for higher wages. Management refused to negotiate and locked out the workers, however the workers broke in and took control of the mill. Management hired the Pinkerton Police, which is a private security force, to take control back. 300 Pinkertons arrived by barge and were greeted by the workers. For 12 hours a battle ensued. The end result was the Pinkertons surrendered.

Carnegie then requested help from the Pennsylvania National Guard to restore control over the strikers after the Pinkertons had failed. Carnegie replaced 1700 strikers with new workers called strike breakers (scabs).

Homestead Strike 1892, in Pennsylvania Wages of steelworkers cut Action of Labor Union? Calls for a strike Action of Industry? Police force called the “Pinkertons” brought in to break up the strike

Action of Government? Troops & local militia sent in to calm the situation Effect? Steelworkers lose power after calling off the strike

Carnegie successfully broke up the attempt to organize a union. No labor unions in steel industry until the 1920’s.No labor unions in steel industry until the 1920’s. Carnegie would be remembered for events at Homestead. His public image sufferedHis public image suffered

Pullman Strike 1893, in Chicago Wages of employees cut without a decrease in living costs in the company town Action of Labor Union? Called Eugene V. Debs & the American Railway Union (ARU) Nationwide strike, halting railroad traffic

Strikes Rock the Nation Pullman, 1893 Eugene Debs instructed strikers not to interfere with the nation’s mail. Railway owners turned to the government for help. The judge cited the Sherman Antitrust Act and won a court order forbidding all union activity that halted railroad traffic. Court orders against unions continued, limiting union gains for the next 30 years. Origin of Labor Day.Labor Day

Actions of Industry? Argued that the labor union was destroying free trade Actions of Government? President Grover Cleveland sends in federal troops; Eugene V. Debs is arrested Effect? Use of court system and military to limit power of labor unions

The Supreme Court Upholds Laissez-faire New York state passed the “Bakeshop Act” limiting the hours a bakery employee could work in one week to 60. Lochner, a bakery owner, was fined for allowing employees to exceed limitation. He sued protesting the constitutionality of the law under the 14 th Amendment and his liberty of contract. 14 th Amendmentliberty of contract Supreme Court overturned his conviction stating: …this law interfered "with the right of contract between the employer and employees.“ To the Court, the right to buy and sell labor through contract was a "liberty of the individual" protected under the 14th amendment. ► Lochner v. New York – 1905

“All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of this country and the state they reside in. No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person with its jurisdiction to the equal protection of the laws.” Industrialists would use the 14th Amendment as a way to defend a corporation from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. 14 th amend

The Fourteenth Amendment In your opinion, what values are reflected in the Fourteenth Amendment? Are these values compatible with your ideas about a democracy? Why was this made in the first place? Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Back

Reaction of Employers Employers hated & feared unions. Why? -European influences of socialism -Labor strikes always tended to be violent. Some took steps to stop unions, such as: -forbidding union meetings -firing union organizers -forcing new employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts, making them promise never to join a union or participate in a strike -refusing to bargain collectively when strikes did occur -refusing to recognize unions as their workers’ legitimate representatives

Evaluation: (Giving your point of view on something and providing reasons why you think that way!) What was the role of labor unions in trying to solve the problems of workers during industrialization? Give your point of view of the helpfulness of unions during industrialization and in making changes for workers