Activity of Water = Water Potential Plant Physiology UNI Spring 2009

Overview Physical part –Effect of temperature –Effect of pressure Chemical part –Effects of solutes –Effects of hydrophilic solids Combining to get water potential –Potential to do “work” (push, move)

Physical: activity of water Molecules have energy Molecules move around air water

Temperature effect Absolute zero Cold Medium Hot

Absolute Zero air water NO MOVEMENT

Cold Temperature air water SLOW MOVEMENT

Medium Temperature air water MEDIUM MOVEMENT

Hot Temperature air water FAST MOVEMENT

Effect of Pressure Low pressure Medium pressure High pressure PPP

Low Pressure air water SLOW MOVEMENT P

Medium Temperature air water MEDIUM MOVEMENT P

High Pressure air water FAST MOVEMENT P

To increase or decrease activity Increase or decrease pressure Temperature also counts, but minor effect over short distances

Chemical activity of molecules Based on chemical environment –Determines what a molecule interacts with –Determines the effect of the interactions

Physical and chemical effects Molecules have physical activity Also chemical activity –Interact with other chemicals –Each molecule behaves in its own way Water acts like water Ca acts like Ca –What affects the chemical activity? –How much?

Without solutes air water WATER MOLECULE NOT TIED DOWN BY SOLUTES STANDARD WATER ACTIVITY

_ _ _ Add solutes air water SLOWER MOVEMENT WATER MOLECULE PARTLY COVERED WATER ACTIVITY IS LOWER

To decrease water activity Decrease (temperature or) pressure And…Tie the water up chemically –Add solutes –Water partly busy with solutes –Not fully free to act like water –Lower chemical activity

Change Water Activity Increase –↑ temperature –↑ pressure Decrease –↓ temperature –↓ pressure –add solutes More solutes = more effect But we are still focusing on water activity, not solute activity

Pure Water, Standard T, P air water WATER ACTIVITY OF PURE WATER = STANDARD STANDARD = 0 THIS WATER ACTIVITY = 0 COMPARE ALL WATER TO THIS STANDARD

Water Potential Water activity of your solution compared to water activity of standard solution Standard solution = 0 Your solution can be –Same activity (WP = 0) –Lower activity (WP < 0) –Higher activity (WP > 0) Doesn’t occur in biology

Need to get some numbers Water potential scale Like temperature scale

Absolute & Relative Scales: Temperature

Relative Scales: Water Potential

Water potential scale Water activity in cell (beaker, bucket, trunk) –Not the other chemicals Distributed characteristic (all the same) –Like temperature Compared to standard (0) Can be positive, zero or negative Expresses effect of P, T, solutes –On water, compared to standard

Summary Physical activity of water molecules changes with –(Temperature,) pressure Chemical activity of water molecules changes with solutes Water potential tells us the total activity –Compared to pure water, standard TP WP can be +, 0, -

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)fasterslower

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)fasterslower interaction between molecules (near 0/lots)

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)fasterslower interaction between molecules (near 0/lots) zero for ideal gas yes, holds molecules together

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)fasterslower interaction btwn molecules (0/lots) zero for ideal gas yes, holds molecules together Change in V with temp (little/lots)

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)fasterslower interaction btwn molecules (0/lots) zero for ideal gas yes, holds molecules together Change in V with temp (little/lots) lotslittle

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)fasterslower interaction btwn molecules (0/lots) zero for ideal gas yes, holds molecules together Change in V with temp (little/lots) lotsless Change in V with P (little/lots)

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)fasterslower interaction btwn molecules (0/lots) zero for ideal gas yes, holds molecules together Change in V with temp (little/lots) lotsless Change in V with P (little/lots) lotsalmost none

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H)lowerhigher diffusion (S/F)fasterslower interaction btwn molecules (0/lots) zero for ideal gas yes, holds molecules together Change in V with temp (little/lots) lotslittle Change in V with P (little/lots) lotsalmost none

Properties of gases & liquids gasesliquids density (L/H) diffusion (S/F) interaction btwn molecules (0/lots) Change in V with temp (little/lots) Change in V with P (little/lots)

Water: gas, liquid & solid Life mostly water: properties critical Boil or evaporate: big change in volume Small volume change when we make ice Polar molecules –Not stuck together in gas –Stuck together loosely in liquid –Stuck together tightly in solid

Acting out a gas Student volunteers Gas molecules don’t hold onto each other Can compress if contained (can push) – big volume change Can't pull (no connection between molecules) Gases: can push but not pull Gases: under positive pressure only

Acting out a liquid (water) Same volunteers Can push or pull: molecules bound to each other –Especially true for water –More like solid than like gas Positive or negative P (“pressure” or “tension”) –Compression: P is + –Tension: P is - (like solid) Must contain liquid to push (like gas)

Gas in liquid—acting out in class Same volunteers Make the middle molecule a gas –Can push –Can't pull Gas bubble is called embolism –may occur naturally Embolisms stop transport based on pulling

Archaic use of “tension” Hypertension, oxygen tension in blood, high tension electrical wires “Tension” was used to mean + pressure –Still use this sense in medicine Gas pressure can be lower than atmospheric, but that is still positive –Low pressure is positive –Vacuum is zero pressure –No negative pressures in gases

Demonstrations Syringe sealed at bottom Liquid Air Pull up What is holding up this part of the water drop? What will happen to the liquid when we pull up? What happens to air & liquid pressures?