1. Science Proficiency Review
Matter and Energy

2. Kinetic Molecular Theory
Matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) with definite and characteristic sizes that do not change. Particles are in constant random motion and possess kinetic energy
The amount of kinetic energy is directly related to Kelvin temperature
Kinetic energy is transferred through collisions

3. States of Matter Summary of Solid, Liquid, and Gas Characteristics
Arrangement and Closeness of Particles
Fixed, Close
Random, Close
Random, Far Apart
Attraction between Particles
Strong
Moderate
Little to none
Motion of Particles
Particles vibrate about fixed sites
Particles slide over each other
Particles move constantly and randomly

4. States of Matter Summary of Solid, Liquid, and Gas Characteristics
Volume
Definite volume
Define volume
Takes volume of container
Shape
Definite shape
Takes the shape of container
Density
High density
High density (usually lower than that of same solid)
Low density

5. States of Matter Summary of Solid, Liquid, and Gas Characteristics
Flow
Does not flow
Flows easily
Compressibility
Small compressibility
Small compressibility to incompressible
Large compressibility
Thermal Expansion
Small thermal expansion
Moderate thermal expansion

7. Phase Changes
An energy transfer is needed to change from one phase to another
Heating or cooling of a substance changes the amount of kinetic energy and motion of particles
When enough heat is added or removed from a substance, intermolecular attractions amongst particles decrease or increase enough for phase changes to occur

8. Heating and Cooling Curves
Phase transitions occur at specific temperature when the energy of particles exceeds that allowed for a given state
During a phase change, the temperature of the substance stays constant until the phase change is complete

9. Sample Heating Curve

10. Matter and Energy Review Questions
1. A sample of carbon dioxide that undergoes a transformation from solid to liquid to gas would undergo a change in
a. density b. mass c. composition d. chemical properties

11. Matter and Energy Review Questions
2. Which statement is NOT true? a. To change from a solid to a liquid requires energy. b. Water can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. c. Solids and liquids have similar densities. d. Particles in a solid do not move.

12. Matter and Energy Review Questions
3. As ice cools from 273 K to 263 K, the average kinetic energy of its molecules will a. decrease b. increase c. remain the same d. quickly increase, then slowly decrease to zero

13. Matter and Energy Review Questions
4. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, a liquid differs from a gas because the particles of the liquid a. are in constant straight-line motion b. take the shape of the container they occupy c. have no regular arrangement d. have stronger forces of attraction between them

14. Matter and Energy Review Questions
5. Which of the following is true as a gas is changing to a liquid during condensation? a. There is a decrease in particle order. b. The particles gain freedom. c. The temperature rises. d. Energy is released.

15. Matter and Energy Review Questions
6. The relative randomness of molecules in the states of matter is best indicated by: a. solid > liquid > gas b. liquid > gas > solid c. liquid > solid > gas d. gas > liquid > solid

16. Matter and Energy Review Questions
7. The physical state of matter is related to the potential energy and kinetic energy between molecules of the substance. The gaseous state is characterized by a. high potential energy and high kinetic energy b. high potential energy and low kinetic energy c. low potential energy and high kinetic energy d. low potential energy and low kinetic energy

17. Matter and Energy Review Questions
8. Low density and high compressibility are characteristic of a. the liquid state b. the solid state c. the gaseous state d. both the liquid and solid states

18. Matter and Energy Review Questions
9. Gases have a low density because a. gas molecules have strong intermolecular attractions. b. gas molecules are very far apart. c. gas molecules take the shape of their container. d. gas molecules have an indefinite volume.

19. Matter and Energy Review Questions
10. A pot of water is placed on a hot stove. Small bubbles begin to appear at the bottom of the pot. The bubbles rise to the surface of the water and seem to pop or disappear. What is inside the bubbles? a. oxygen or hydrogen b. air c. oxygen and hydrogen d. steam

20. Matter and Energy Review Quesitons
11. In a pure sample of oxygen gas, what exists between the oxygen molecules? a. matter b. air c. nothing d. atmosphere

21. Matter and Energy Review Questions
12. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Heat causes molecules to expand. b. Molecular size depends on temperature c. Gases have mass and volume. d. Bonds within molecules are broken during melting.

22. Matter and Energy Review Questions
13. Consider three samples of water in three phases. The first is solid water (ice) at 0 °C, the second is liquid water at 24 °C, and the third is gaseous water at 100 °C. The water molecules in the liquid phase _______ the water molecules in the solid phase. a. move faster than b. move slower than c. move less randomly than d. travel in the same direction as.

23. Matter and Energy Review Question Answers
Answers to Sample Test Questions 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a)