Thurs. 11/15 and Fri. 11/16 Test-Ch. 5 Minerals of the Earth’s Crust today. INB check #1 today.

Why is the mineral below considered a crystal? Because it has 4 sides Because it can be broken Because it has a regular, repeating pattern Because it has luster

Pg. 25 Title Page Chapter 6 Title(Write out the chapter number and word title). 3 picts. and 3 keywords 3 colors

Mon. 11/19 and Tues. 11/20

Tombstone A has experienced cooler temperatures than Tombstone B. Two tombstones, located in the same cemetery approximately 10 meters apart, face east. Tombstone A had dates cut into the rock in 1922. Tombstone B had dates cut into the rock in 1892. Which statement best explains why the dates are more difficult to read on Tombstone A than on Tombstone B? Tombstone A contains minerals less resistant to weathering than Tombstone B. Tombstone A has undergone a longer period of weathering than Tombstone B. Tombstone A has experienced cooler temperatures than Tombstone B. Tombstone A was exposed to less acid rain than Tombstone B. Standard: Earth’s Composition and Structure - Earth is composed of materials that move through the biogeochemical cycles. Earth’s features are shaped by ongoing and dynamic processes. These processes can be constructive or destructive and occur over geologic time scales. E.12.C.5- Students know soil, derived from weathered rocks and decomposed organic material, is found in layers. E/S   DOK Level 2 Answer A The rate at which the agents of physical and chemical weathering breakdown Earth’s rocks are influenced by climate, exposure, and composition of the rock. Higher temperatures and greater amounts of water present are climatic factors that speed up the rate at which rocks break down. Exposure relates to how much of the rock is open to the elements. As a large boulder cracks the amount of surface area open to the elements increases thus accelerating the rate at which the rock will break down. In other words, the smaller the rock is the greater the ratio of surface area to volume and the faster the rock crumbles. Finally, a key factor to consider is the chemical composition of the rock being weathered – some rocks are simply more resistant to the agents of physical and chemical weathering, affecting the rate at which they decay. The tombstones in question both are found near each other in the same cemetery and facing the same direction, so we can conclude the effects of climate and exposure would be the same and not a factor in the heightened degree of weathering on tombstone A. We also see that tombstone A was set in 1922 while the less weathered tombstone B was put in place during 1892, so the difference in observed weathering is not due to the amount of time the tombstones have been exposed to the elements. Knowing that composition of rock influences rate of physical and chemical weathering, we would suspect the tombstones are not made of the same material (the photo supports the likelihood different rock was employed). In this case, the evidence suggests that the different rock of the tombstones is responsible for the different rates of weathering. Rocks containing the least stable minerals will chemically weather to a greater degree than rocks containing the most stable minerals. Marble was a common rock utilized for tombstones due to its aesthetic qualities as well is to its softness (easy to carve and chisel). Slate has been used for tombstones due to its availability in many locations. Slate is also relatively easy to carve. Marble primarily contains metamorphosed calcite (one of the less resistant minerals) while slate is made up of metamorphosed clays (one of the most resistant minerals). Granite and gneiss have also been commonly utilized as tombtones. Those rocks contain quartz, feldspar and amphibole, minerals with resistances between those of calcite and clays. Comparatively, we can tell that tombstone A is made of less resistant rock and minerals than is tombstone B even if we are not certain of the exact rock material of either.

In: Pg. 25 What is the title of section 6.1 in the book?

Thru 1: Pg. 26 6.1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle SQ3R Read pages 125-128 of the text book and complete the SQ3R sheet for these pages.

Thru 2 Pg. 28 Rock Cycle Cutout Activity. Analysis Questions: Which processes turn rock into: Sediments Magma Metamorphic rock What turns magma into igneous rock? What turns sediments into sedimentary rock? Pg. 28 Rock Cycle Cutout Activity. Cutout the arrows and pictures from the “Cutout Sheet”. Glue them in the appropriate place on the “Rock Cycle” Diagram.

Add to Table of Contents The Rock cycle Page 32 Rock notes Page 33

What is a Rock? Rocks = Naturally-occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter.

What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? Rocks are made up of ONE or MORE minerals. A rock can have once-living material in it.

Once a rock is formed, does it stay the same rock forever? NO!

Rocks are continually changed by many processes, such as weathering, erosion, compaction, cementation, melting, and cooling. Rocks can change to and from the three types: 1. Igneous 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic

What is the process through which rocks change? The Rock Cycle—the process through which earth materials change back and forth among the different types of rocks.

Out IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Draw on page 32 Weathering, Erosion, Compaction, Cementation Heat and Pressure Melting, Solidification Melting, Solidification Weathering, Erosion, Compaction, Cementation SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Heat and Pressure

Assignment: Construct a Rock cycle

Out Fill in the blanks with: Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock Weathering, Erosion, Compaction, Cementation Heat and Pressure Melting, Solidification Melting, Solidification Heat and Pressure Weathering, Erosion, Compaction, Cementation

Wed. 11/21 and Mon 11/26 Quiz #3

Quiz #3 What is the title of chapter 6? Pg 25 What page is the SQ3R for section 6.1 taped on? What are the 3 types of rocks? Pg 27 What process turns rock into sediments? Pg 27 What type of rock forms from magma? Pg 27 What type of rock forms from heat and pressure? Pg 27

What is a rock? What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

IGNEOUS METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY Fill in the blanks with: Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock IGNEOUS Weathering, Erosion, Compaction, Cementation Heat and Pressure Melting, Solidification Melting, Solidification Heat and Pressure SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Weathering, Erosion, Compaction, Cementation

Metamorphic rock forms when the structure of pre-existing rock is changed. What processes can change rock in this manner? a. Extruding and Cooling b. Compaction & Cementation c. Weathering & Erosion d. Heat & Pressure

Video on Minerals and Rocks

Add to table of contents Tunka-Shila Questions Pg. 34 Rock types Pg. 35

Tunka-Shila, Grandfather Rock What process in the rock cycle does Paragraph A describe? What type of rock is being formed? What process in the rock cycle does Paragraph B describe?Paragraph B? What are your feelings about this story? Did it help you learn about rocks? Did it help you to understand how other cultures view the formation of our planet?

Thru 2 Pg. 31 Uses of Pumice worksheet—do both sides! Homework! Pg. 32 Cornell Notes-Ch. 6 Rocks

Thru 2 Chapter 6 Rocks Cornell Notes-Pg. 32 Ch. 6 Rocks

What are the types of rocks? Rocks are divided into 3 groups based on how they were formed: IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

“Ignis” = Latin for “fire” Igneous Rocks “Ignis” = Latin for “fire” Formed from the cooling of either magma or lava The most abundant type of rock Classified according to their origin and composition

ORIGIN— Where rocks are formed Below ground = from magma (intrusive igneous rock) Usually have LARGE crystal grains (they cooled slowly)

Above ground = from lava (extrusive igneous rock) Usually have SMALL or NO crystals (they cooled too quickly)

Some have large & small crystals (called porphyritic)

Peridotite: Intrusive or Extrusive? Why?

Granite: Intrusive or Extrusive? Why?

Porphyry: Intrusive or Extrusive? Why?

Obsidian: Intrusive or Extrusive? Why?

COMPOSITION— What kind of substances the rocks are made of.

Basalt(a mafic rock that is rich in iron and magnesium)

Granite (a felsic rock that is rich in silica)

Diorite (an intermediate rock that has mafic and felsic rocks in it)

Formed from sediments that are pressed or cemented together. Sedimentary Rocks Formed from sediments that are pressed or cemented together. Sedimentary rocks represent 7% of the Earth’s crust, but they cover 70% of the Earth’s surface.

Sediments Rock fragments, mineral grains, animal & plant remains. Water or wind breaks down rock.

These sediments are moved by wind, water, ice or gravity. Then they are deposited (dropped)

What turns sediments into solid rock? Compaction=The heavy sediments press down on the layers beneath causing the sediments to fuse together.

Cementation=Dissolved minerals flow between the particles and cement them together.

Rocks that have changed due to intense temperature and pressure Metamorphic Rocks Rocks that have changed due to intense temperature and pressure “Meta” means “change” and morphosis means “form” in Greek Igneous, sedimentary and other metamorphic rocks can change to become metamorphic rocks

What occurs in the Earth to change these rocks? Pressure from overlying rock layers High heat, but not enough to melt the rock Rocks may be flattened or bent or atoms may be exchanged to form new minerals.

*You can think of metamorphic rocks as a squished peanut butter & jelly sandwich in your lunch.

How are metamorphic rocks classified? Foliated—mineral grains are flattened and line up in parallel bands Example: gneiss formed from rearrangement of minerals in granite into bands

How are metamorphic rocks classified? Non-Foliated—No bands are formed Example: marble formed from limestone

Where do metamorphic rocks usually form? Where magma intrudes relatively cool rock Near colliding plates (near mountain ranges) Places that are covered miles thick with other rock causing pressure When hot water intrudes rock Where a meteorite strikes Earth (rare) Where lightning bolts strike rocks (rare)

Out This is an obsidian, an igneous rock. Is this an extrusive or intrusive igneous rock? Explain.

Tues. 11/27 and Wed. 11/28 sub

A sample of basalt has smaller crystals than a sample of granite A sample of basalt has smaller crystals than a sample of granite. What is the most likely reason for this? The basalt a. forms when magma cools slowly. b. forms when magma cools quickly. c. contains lighter elements than granite. d. contains heavier elements than granite.

In: Pg. 33 What are 3 uses that humans have for rocks?

Thru 1: Pg. 34 Movie clip: Rocks(17 minutes)-watch the movie clip and write down 5 facts. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Thru 2 Pg. 35 3 column vocab. Intrusive igneous rock Extrusive igneous rock Felsic Mafic Compaction 6. Cementation Chemical sedimentary rock Pg. 36 Organic sedimentary rock Clastic sedimentary rock 10. Metamorphism 11. Contact metamorphism 12. Regional metamorphism 13. Foliation 14. Nonfoliated

Out Coal was formed when the remains of ancient plants were buried and compacted before they could decay. Coal is a _______ sedimentary rock because it…

Thurs. 11/29 and Fri. 11/30 Quiz #4 today—get out paper and your INB. Test-Ch. 6 Rocks next class. INB Check #2 next class.

Quiz #4 A rock is made of one or more_______. Pg 29 Is obsidian and intrusive or extrusive igneous rock? Pg 29 What is the answer to #2? Pg 30 What does “ignis” mean? Pg 32 Where a rock is formed is called its _____. Pg 32 _______ igneous rocks cool above the earth’s surface. Pg 32 Rock fragments, mineral grains and plant and animal remains are called______. Pg 32 ______ is when dissolved minerals flow between particles and cement them together to form sedimentary rock. Pg 32 ______ rocks are rocks that have change due to intense heat and pressure. Pg 32 In a ______ metamorphic rock, mineral grains are flattened and line up in parallel bands.

Which two classes of rock will form near or at Earth’s surface? a. Extrusive igneous and sedimentary b. Sedimentary and intrusive igneous c. Metamorphic and igneous d. Metamorphic and sedimentary

Rock Identification Characteristics Fine Grain Smooth appearance In igneous and metamorphic rock=no or very small crystals Sedimentary rock=small particles Coarse Grain Rough or grainy appearance In igneous and metamorphic rock=larger crystals Sedimentary rock=larger particles

Course grained sedimentary rock

Coarse grained igneous rock

Coarse grained metamorphic rock

Fine grained sedimentary rock

Fine grained igneous rock

Fine grained metamorphic rock

Metamorphic Rock Foliated-minerals arranged in bands. Unfoliated-minerals not banded.

In: Pg.37 On the next slide are 4 metamorphic rocks. Tell me if they are foliated or unfoliated. 1. 2. 3. 4.

1 3 4 2

Thru 1: Pg. 38 Rock Identification Lab.

Out The 3 types of rock are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. What type of rock is this? How do you know?