1. Chapter 5 and 6
Rocks

2. Section 5.1
What are Igneous Rocks?

3. Types of Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed from the crystallization of magma
Igneous comes from Latin ignis which means fire
Lava is magma that flow out onto earth's surface

4. Types of Igneous Rocks Cont…
Extrusive igneous rocks are fine-grained igneous rocks that cool quickly on earth’s surface
Pumice or obsididan
Intrusive igneous rocks are coarse grained igneous rocks that cool slowly beneath the earth’s surface
Granite is the most common
Studies of granite formations reveal they cut across other formations, evidence of intrusion

5. Composition of Magma
Magma is a slushy mix of molten rock, gases and mineral crystals
Silica (SiO2) is the most abundant mineral in magma and has the greatest effect on magma characteristics

6. Magma Formation
Temperature, pressure, water content and mineral composition affect magma formation
Temperature and pressure increase with depth in the Earth’s crust
Pressure increases a rocks melting point
1100 vs 1400

7. Magma Formation cont…
Rocks and minerals contain small percentages of water which decreases a rocks melting point
Minerals have different melting points
Rocks only melt at certain conditions
MUST have the right temperature, pressure, and mineral composition

8. How Rocks Melt Rocks are made of different minerals
Minerals have different melting points so parts of a rock will melt at different times
Partial melting is a process where some minerals melt at low temperatures while others stay solid

9. Fractional Crystallization
Just as minerals melt at different rates, they cool at different rates as well
Fractional crystallization is a process where minerals forma at different temperatures
The last minerals to melt are the first minerals to crystallize

10. Classifying Igneous Rocks
Section 5.2

11. Mineral Composition Three main groups of igneous rocks
Felsic, mafic, intermediate
Felsic rocks such as granite are: light colored, high silica contents, contain quartz and feldspars
Mafic rocks such as gabbro are dark colored, and rich in iron and magnesium

12. Grain Size Igneous rocks differ in the size of their grains
Grain size is determined by the cooling rate
When lava cools quickly, small grains form
When lava cools slowly, large grains form

13. Igneous Rocks as Resources
Very useful for building materials because their interlocking grains make them strong
Also resistant to weathering
Granite is commonly used for building

14. Ore Deposits
Ores are minerals that contain a useful substance that can be mined at profit
Valuable ore deposits are often associated with igneous intrusions

15. Ore Deposits: Veins
Mineral rich magma fills the cracks and voids of surrounding rock
During magma crystallization, water, silica and any metals not common in minerals (gold, silver, lead, copper) are left over and eventually solidify to form veins

16. Ore Deposits: Pegmatites
Vein deposits main contain other valuable resources in addition to metals
Veins of extremely large grained minerals are called pegmatites
Rare elements and crystals are found in pegmatites

17. Ore Deposits: Kimberlites
Rare, ultramafic rocks that can contain diamonds or other minerals formed only under very high pressures

18. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Section 6.1

19. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sediments are pieces of solid material that have been deposited on Earth’s surface by wind, water, ice, gravity or chemical precipitation
When sediments become cemented together, they form sedimentary rocks

20. Weathering
Weathering is a set of physical and chemical processes that break rock down
Chemical weathering occurs when rocks are dissolved or chemically changed
Physical weathering occurs when rocks break off but remain chemically unchanged

21. Erosion and Transport
Erosion is the removal and movement of surface materials from location to another
4 main agents: Wind, moving water, glaciers and gravity

22. Deposition
Deposition occurs when sediments are laid down on the ground or sink to the bottom of water
Sediments in water will create layers, with large particles settling first
Wind only moves fine sediments
Glaciers and landslides move all sediments equally

23. Burial
Most sediments are deposited in basins where the building layers increase pressure and temperature
Increasing pressure and temperature cause lithification, or the chemical and physical processes that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks

24. Lithification Lithification begins with compaction
The weight of overlying sediments force sediments together
The temperature in earth's crust are high enough to cause cementation
Cementation occurs when mineral growth cements sediments together into solid rock

25. Lithification cont… Two types of cementation
New minerals can grow between sediment grains
The same mineral grows between the sediment grains

26. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
The primary feature of sedimentary rocks is horizontal layering called bedding
Bedding with particle sizes that become heavier at the bottom is called graded bedding
Cross-bedding is another type of bedding where layers of inclined sediment move forward across a horizontal surface

27. Metamorphic Rocks
Section 6.3

28. Causes of Metamorphism
Meta means change and morphe means forms
During metamorphism, rocks change form while remaining solid
Pressure and temperature increase with depth
Temperature comes from earths internal heat
Pressure comes from overlying rocks or compression during mountain building

29. Types of Metamorphism
When high temperature and pressure affect large regions of crust, they produce large belts of regional metamorphism
When molten rock come into contact with solid rock, a local effect called contact metamorphism occurs
When very hot water reacts with rocks and alters its chemistry and mineralogy, hydrothermal metamorphism occurs
Occurs near igneous intrusions and active volcanoes

30. Metamorphic Textures
Metamorphic rocks have two textural groups: foliated and nonfoliated
Wavy layers and bands of minerals of flat crystals characterize foliated metamorphic rocks
Schist from shale (clay) and gneiss from granite
If I said you were gneiss, I’d be for of schist! lol

31. Metamorphic Textures Cont…
Nonfoliated rocks lack mineral grains with flat crystals and instead have blocky crystal shapes
Quartzite from quartz-rich sandstone and marble from limestone

32. The Rock Cycle
The continuous changing and remaking of rocks is called the rock cycle
Igneous rocks crystalize from magma
Sediments cement together to form sedimentary
Pressure and temperature form metamorphic rock
All rocks can change into one another!