ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INSTRUMENTATION Regulation : R2013 Subject code : EE6352

Syllabus UNIT I DC MACHINES 9 hours Three phase circuits, a review. Construction of DC machines – Theory of operation of DC generators – Characteristics of DC generators- Operating principle of DC motors – Types of DC motors and their characteristics – Speed control of DC motors- Applications.

Unit – 1 DC MACHINES

Three phase circuits Three phase circuits is a polyphase system when 3 phases are used together from the generator to the load Each phase are having a phase difference of 120° If the load is single phase, then one phase can be taken from the three phase circuit and the neutral can be used as ground to complete the circuit.

Waveform

Why three phase preferred over single phase? Single phase system Three phase system The conductor needed for a single phase circuit is very much less. The instantaneous power falls to zero when the single phase supply is disconnected. The conductor needed in three phase circuit is 75% that of conductor needed in single phase circuit. The instantaneous power exists even after one phase is disconnected as the net power from all the phases gives a continuous power to the load.

Types of connections Star Connection Delta Connection

Star Connection Vph = VL / Iph = IL 3 phase wires and 1 neutral wire from the star point. Preferred for long distances.

Delta Connection Vph = VL Iph = IL/ 3 wires from the phases are used. No Neutral wire Preferred for short distances.

Types of currents Balanced current – Equal current flows through all the 3 phases. Unbalanced current - Unequal current flowing through all the 3 phases.

Y-Δ arrangement Star-Star connection Delta-Delta connection Star – Delta connection Delta – Star connection

Simple loop generator

Principle of Operation Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction:- When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field an EMF is induced. Generator :- Fleming’s Right hand rule Motor :- Fleming’s Left hand rule

DC Machines DC machines convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa. This process of conversion is called as electromechanical energy conversion. If the conversion is from mechanical to electrical energy, the machine is said to act as a generator. If the conversion is from electrical to mechanical energy, the machine is said to act as a motor.

DC machines Construction Types Theory of operation Characteristics Speed control of DC motor Applications

DC machine Construction

DC machine Construction

DC machine Construction

DC machine Construction

DC machine Construction

Armature of a DC machine

Armature of a DC machine

Armature of a DC machine

Dismantled view of a DC machine

Dismantled view of a DC machine

Dismantled view of a DC machine

Parts of a DC machine Yoke Pole core & Pole shoes Pole coils Armature core Armature windings Commutator Brushes & Bearings

Yoke Outermost frame Purpose: Provides mechanical support Carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles. Materials used: Small machines – Made of Cast Iron Larger machines – Made of Cast steel or rolled steel

Pole cores & Pole shoes Spreads out the flux in the air gap Reduces the reluctance of the magnetic path Supports the exciting coils or field coils

Pole coil or field coil or exciting coil Copper wires or strips wound around the pole core. When current is passed thorugh these coils they produce magnetic flux surrounding the armature conductors. Materials used: Made up of copper

Armature core

Armature windings Usually former wound in the form of flat rectangular coils. Various conductors of the coil are insulated from each other Conductors are placed in the armature slots Slot insulation is folded over the armature conductors. Materials used: Made up of copper

Commutator Facilitates collection of current from the armature conductors The commutator & brushes arrangement converts AC to DC It is of cylindrical structure and built up of wedge-shaped segments of high-conductivity hard-drawn or drop forged copper. These segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of mica. The number of segments is equal to the number of armature coils. Each commutator segment is connected to the armature conductor by means of a copper lug or riser.

Brushes & bearings Collects current from the commutator They are housed in a brush holder. The brush holder is mounted on a spindle and can slide in the rectangular box open at both ends. The number of brushes per spindle depends on the magnitude of the current to be collected from the commutator.

Pole Pitch Distance between 2 adjacent poles. It is equal to the number of armature conductors (or armature slots) per pole. If there are 48 conductors and 4 poles, the pole pitch is 48/4 = 12.

Conductor The length of a wire lying in the magnetic field and in which an emf is induced, is called a conductor (or inductor) as, for example, length AB or CD in the following figure.

Coil & Winding element The two conductors AB and CD along with their end connections constitute one coil of the armature winding. The side of the coil is called the winding element. No. of winding elements = 2 x No. of Coils The coil may be single turn coil or multi-turn coil. Multi-turn coil may have many conductors per coil side. The group of wires or conductors constituting a coil side of a multi-turn coil is wrapped with a tape as a unit and is placed in the armature slot.

Coil span or Coil pitch (YS) Coil span is the distance between 2 sides of the coil.

Full pitched winding If coil span or coil pitch = pole pitch, the winding is called full pitched wdg. Full pitch means coil span is 180 ͦ electrical degrees. In full pitch, coil sides lie under opposite poles and their induced emf is scalar sum. So maximum emf is induced in full pitch winding

Chorded wdg or Short pitched wdg or Fractional pitched wdg The pitch of the winding is less than pole pitch

Single Layer Winding : Winding in which one conductor or one coil side is placed in each armature slot Double Layer Winding : Two conductors or coil sides per slot is placed in each armature slot

Types of windings Lap winding Wave winding

Lap winding Laps back with its succeeding coils. For Simplex lap winding, No.of parallel paths = No. of poles For duplex winding, No. of parallel paths = 2x No. of poles

Lap Winding

Different pitches for Lap winding Back Pitch (YB) – No of coil sides or slots spanned by the back end connections. (Z/P) Front Pitch (YF) - No of coil sides or slots spanned by the front end connections. Resultant Pitch (YR) – Distance between the beginning of one coil to the beginning of next coil to which it is connected. Commutator Pitch (YC) – Distance between the segments to which the two ends of the coil are connected. For Lap, (YC = YB- YF) & for Wave, (YC = YB+YF)

Equalizer rings or Equalizer connections A thick copper conductor connecting the equipotential points of lap winding for equalizing the potential of different parallel paths. Avoids unequal distribution of current at the brushes thereby heling to get sparkless commutation.

One Equalizer ring for a pole pair is used.

Interpoles or Compoles Small poles placed in between the main poles. As their polarity is same as that of main poles, they induce emf in the coil which helps in current reversal. The induced emf is called commutating emf or reversing emf which opposes the reactance emf thereby making commutation sparkless. Cross magnetising effect due to armature reaction is also neutralised.

Design of Lap Winding

Lap Winding Advantages: This winding is necessarily required for large current application because it has more parallel paths. 2. It is suitable for low voltage and high current generators. Disadvantages: It gives less emf compared to wave winding. This winding is required more no. of conductors for giving the same emf, it results high winding cost. 2. It has less efficient utilization of space in the armature slots.

Wave winding The end of one coil is not connected to the beginning of the same coil but is connected to the beginning of another coil of the same polarity as that of the first coil

Simplex wave winding – Circular form

LAP & WAVE WINDING

Cross-sectional view of Armature

Lap & Wave windings with pitches

Types of DC machines DC Generator DC motor

DC generator

Losses

Separately excited DC generator

Self excited DC generator

Compound generator

Characteristics of DC generator Open circuit characteristics or Magnetization characteristics or No load characteristics Load Characteristics Internal or Total characteristics External characteristics

Open Circuit Characteristics Eo Vs If The data is obtained by operating the generator at no load and keeping speed constant Field current is varied and the corresponding terminal voltage is recorded

Relation b/n Eg and Speed

Internal & External Characteristics

Internal & External Characteristics

Characteristics of DC compound generator

Types of DC motor

Characteristics of DC motor Electrical or Internal characteristics Mechanical or External characteristics

Characteristics of DC series motor

Characteristics of DC shunt motor

Characteristics of DC Compound motor

Speed control of DC motor The speed of the DC motor is given by the relation,

Speed of DC shunt motor can be controlled by varying (i) Flux/pole, Φ (Flux Control) (ii) Resistance Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control) and (iii) Applied voltage V (Voltage Control).

Flux control method

Armature control method

Voltage control method

Speed of DC series motor can be controlled by Flux Control method Variable resistance method

Flux control method Field diverters Armature diverters Trapped Field control method Paralleling Field coils

Field diverters

Armature diverters

Trapped Field control method

Paralleling field coils

Variable resistance control

Applications DC series motor – Paper machines, diesel electric propulsion of ships, in steel rolling mills, hoists, cranes, trolley cars, conveyer belts DC shunt motor – Lathes, centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, fans, blowers, conveyors, wood working machines, machine tools, printing press, spinning & weaving machines. DC compound motor – Crushes, ice-making machines, compressors, rolling mills.