UNICELLULAR MARINE ORGANISMS Chapter 4 (pg 81-83)

Kingdom Protista Euglena - has animal – like characteristics - has plant – like characteristics

CLASSIFICATION Carolus Linnaeus Current classification system Groups organisms according to similarities in structure Taxonomy Divided plant and animals into smaller groups K-P-C-O-F-G-S

Balaenoptera musculus (Blue whale) Genus - Species Each organism is given a two-part scientific name Balaenoptera musculus (Blue whale)

Carcharhinus leucas (Bull shark) Lima scabra (flame scallop)

The Five-Kingdom System Many new organisms have been discovered since Linnaeus Some scientists use the 5 kingdom system however others use a 6 kingdom system Monera is split into two kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Kingdom Monera -Bacteria and blue-green bacteria -Unicellular prokaryotes -Most ancient organisms on Earth

Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular Some are colonial Heterotrophic and autotrophic eukaryotes Made up of mainly of protozoa and algae

Kingdom Fungi Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes Heterotrophic Decomposers Have cell wall (similar to plants) No chlorophyll

Kingdom PLantae Multicellular eukaryotes Autotrophic Have a cell wall, vacuole, and choloplast

Homarus americanus (Maine lobster) Kingdom Animalia Multicellular eukaryotes Heterotrophic Lack cell wall and chloroplast Most are motile Classified into two groups: Invertebrates vertebrates Homarus americanus (Maine lobster)

CHAPTER 5(pg. 85-92) THE MICROBIAL WORLD PROKAROTES

K. Monera Decay Bacteria Cyanobacteria Magnetic Bacteria Sulfur Bacteria Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria Trichodesmium Vibrio fischeri

BACTERIA Most organisms on Earth. Widely distributed in the ocean. Three basic shapes observed under a scope: Cocci – round Bacillus – rod-shaped Spirillum - spiral

Decay Bacteria Break down organic matter into smaller molecules which are released into the water. Phosphates, nitrates, and sulfates are used as nutrients by different bacteria and other organisms. Most abundant in bottom sediments. Some attach to dead matter and secrete special chemicals (extracellular digestion). Thrive in warm, moist, dark areas that are rich in food.

Decay Bacteria, cont’d Magnetic Bacteria (MTB) Found in saltwater/freshwater marshes. Contain iron oxide crystals that behave like a magnet. Cling to iron deposits in marshes and feed on dead matter in sediments.

Decay Bacteria, cont’d Sulfur Bacteria Found in marine mud. Use hydrogen sulfide to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water. Hydrothermal vents are a common habitat. Chemosynthesis: process in which organisms derive energy from chemicals

Blue-Green Bacteria (Cyanobacteria) Only moneran that is photosynthetic. Most have green and blue pigment. Oscillatoria: has a red pigment – phycoerythrin In shallow waters produces a red color Could be the reason for the name of the Red Sea

Blue-Green Bacteria (Cyanobacteria), cont’d Found throughout the ocean Some live attached to rocks in the splash zone. Some secrete toxic chemicals that can cause a rash.

Trichodesmium Filamentous colonies Visible to the naked eye “sea sawdust” Multiply rapidly in warm waters Prolific nitrogen-fixers – harness ½ of the nitrogen passing through oceanic food chains

Vibrio fischeri Rod-shaped bacteria Creates bioluminescence in their host Other Vibrio species (not luminescent) cause cholera #1

Eyelightfish

K. Protista Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae) Thalassiosira Navicula Phylum Pyrrophyta (fire algae) Noctiluca Gymnodinium Gonyaulax

Phylum Chrysophyta (Diatoms) Most common organisms found in the ocean. Phytoplankton Encrusting diatoms lived attached to solid substrates. Contain chlorophyll. Transparent cell wall made up of silica. Location of chloroplast to cell wall increases the rate of photosynthesis.

Diatom Diversity >25,000 species Most inhabit cold waters. Classified according to shape. Centric, pennate, chain-linked

Thalassiosira Navicula

Diatom Reproduction Asexual Sexual Divides to form two new cells. Two halves of the shell overlap (frustule). During reproduction the frustule separates. Sexual Develops into a male or female cell. Sperm fertilizes egg.

Beneficial Uses of Diatoms Diatomaceous earth Filter material for aquariums and swimming pools Purify drinking water Algal Bloom Brown tide New York 1980s 800,000 in 1 mL Devastated scallop industry

Phylum Pyrrophya (Dinoflagellates) Have two flagella to aid in locomotion Have chloroplasts and are photosynthetic Use eyespots to move toward light Can take in food (heterotrophic) Cell walls made of cellulose (not as transparent)

Noctiluca (night light)

Gymnodinium (red tide)

Gonyaulax (red tide)