Gerry Sozio St Mary Star of the Sea College Wollongong VISIBLE LEARNING A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement John Hattie Chapter 3 Gerry Sozio St Mary Star of the Sea College Wollongong

John Hattie is Professor of Education at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. 15 years research and synthesises over 800 meta-analyses relating to the influences on achievement in school-aged students. Builds a story about the power of teachers and of feedback, and constructs a model of learning and understanding.

Ch3: The Argument Visible Teaching & Visible Learning It is teachers seeing learning through the eyes of students; and students seeing teaching as the key to their ongoing learning.

What Teachers do Matters The act of teaching requires deliberate interventions to ensure that there is cognitive change in the student. The key ingredients are: Awareness of the learning intentions Knowing when a student is successful Having sufficient understanding of the student’s understanding Know enough about the content to provide meaningful and challenging experiences

A safe environment is an environment where error is welcomed and fostered. To facilitate such a learning environment, to command a range of learning strategies and to be aware of the pedagogical means to enable the student to learn requires dedicated, passionate people. We learn so much from errors and from feedback. Teachers need to be in a safe environment as well to learn about the success or otherwise of their teaching from others. These teachers need to be aware of which of their teaching strategies are working or not, be prepared to understand and adapt to learners and their situations, contexts and prior learning, and need to share the experience of learning in this manner in an open, forthright and enjoyable way with their students and their colleagues.

Passion reflects the thrills as well as the frustrations of learning. It requires more than content knowledge, acts of skilled teaching or engaged students to make the difference – it requires a love of the discipline being taught. … ie a love of the content, an ethical caring stance to wish to imbue others with a liking of the discipline being taught; and a demonstration that the teacher is not only teaching but learning – typically about the students’ process and outcomes of learning.

Visible Teaching Teaching and Learning are visible in the classrooms of the successful teachers and students. Teaching and Learning are visible in the passion displayed by the teacher and learner when successful learning and teaching occurs.

The teacher must know when to experiment and learn from the experience, learn to monitor, seek and give feedback; and know to try alternate learning strategies when others do not work. The more the student becomes the teacher and the teacher becomes the learner, then the more successful are the outcomes.

Education is more than teaching people to think – it is also teaching people things that are worth learning.

Teachers Clear learning intentions Challenging success criteria Range of learning strategies Know when students are not progressing Providing feedback Visibly learns themselves

Students Understand learning intentions Are challenged by success criteria Develop a range of learning strategies Know when they are not progressing Seek feedback Visibly teach themselves

Hattie’s Questions How do I know this is working? How can I compare this with that? What is the merit and worth of this influence on learning? What is the magnitude of the effect? What evidence would convince you that you are wrong?

Where is the evidence that shows this is superior to other programs? Where have you seen this practice installed so that it produces effective results? Do I share a common conception of progress?

The Six Factors The child The home The school The curricula The teacher The approaches to teaching

Barometer of Effectiveness Greater than 0.4 = Zone of desired effects 0.15 to 0.4 = Teacher effects 0 to 0.15 = Developmental effects Less than 0 = Reverse effects 0.4 = – Zone of desired effects: Influences that have the greatest impact on student achievement outcomes. 0.15 – 0.4 = The typical effects from teachers

Rank these 11 effects: Reducing disruptive behavior in the class Feedback Acceleration of gifted students Reading Recovery Integrated curriculum programs Homework Individualized instruction Ability grouping Open vs. traditional classes Retention (holding back a year) Shifting schools

Rank these 11 effects: Answers Reducing disruptive behavior in the class .86 Feedback .72 Acceleration of gifted students .60 Reading Recovery .50 Integrated curriculum programs .40 Homework .30 Individualized instruction .20 Ability grouping .10 Open vs. traditional classes .00 Retention (hold back a year) -.16 Shifting schools -.34

The Disasters Mobility (shifting schools) -0.34 Retention -0.16 Television -0.14 Summer vacation -.09

The Well Belows Distance education 0.09 Ability grouping 0.11

Not Worth It Yet Extra-curricula programs 0.17 Family structure 0.18 Class size 0.21

Typical Average Teacher Territory Finances 0.23 Summer school 0 .23 Mainstreaming 0.28 Exercise/relaxation 0.28

Close to Average Principals/school leaders on student achievement 0.30 Ability grouping for gifted students 0.30 Homework 0.31 Teacher positive expectations 0.37

Average Enrichment on gifted 0.39 Integrated curriculum programs 0.39 Self-concept on achievement 0.43 Frequent/effects of testing 0.46 Early intervention 0 .47 Motivation on learning 0.48

Getting There Questioning 0.49 Concept mapping 0.52 “development of graphical representations of the conceptual structure of the content to be learned” Peer influences 0.53

Let’s Have Them Parental Involvement 0.55 Peer tutoring 0.55 Goals - challenging 0.56 Mastery learning 0.57 Home environment 0.57 Providing worked examples 0.57

Exciting Direct instruction 0.59 Time on task 0.59 “Increasing allocated time, without increasing productive time, is unlikely to improve educational performance.” Study skills 0.59 Acceleration of gifted 0.60

The Winners Self-report grades 0.44 Quality of teaching 0.77 Prior achievement 0.73 Teacher-student relationships 0.72 Feedback 0.72 Creativity programs 0.70

Various Influences Teacher Curricula Teaching Student Home School