Chapter-11 Heat Engines and the Laws of Thermodynamics 1 Heat Engines and First law of thermodynamics 2Second Law of Thermodynamics 3 Refrigerators and Heat pumps 4 Thermal Power Plants and Energy Resources Everyday Phenomenon: Hybrid Vehicles

Auto Fuel

Gasoline Engine Four Strokes of a gasoline engine: 1.Intake 2.Compression 3.Ignition and power 4.Exhaust

Heat Engines

A heat engine is any device that uses heat to perform work. It has three essential features: 1. Heat is supplied to the engine at a relatively high temperature, hot reservoir. 2. Part of the input heat is used to perform work by the working substance of the engine, which is the material within the engine that actually does the work 3. The remainder of the input heat is rejected at a temperature lower than the input temperature to a place called the cold reservoir. Q H = Q C + W

The First Law of Thermodynamics The internal energy of a system changes from an initial value U i to a final value of U f due to heat Q and work W:

Efficiency,e of a Heat Engine Q H = Q C + W

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Hybrid Automobile Engines

Second Law of Thermodynamics Kelvin’s statement: No engine, working in a continuous cycle, can take heat from a reservoir at a single temperature and convert that heat completely to work. Heat will never flow from a colder body to a hotter body unless some other process is also involved. Clausius’s Statement:

Entropy and the Second Law Entropy: Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. Second law: The entropy of the universe or of an isolated system can only increase or remain constant. It will never decrease.

Refrigerator A refrigerator pumps heat from the cooler interior to the warmer room.

Heat Pump A heat pump removes heat from the outside air and pumps it into the warmer house.

Schematic Representation of a Heat Pump or Refrigerator

Thermal Power Plant

Nuclear Power Plant

Cooling Towers of Power Plants

The Geysers (geothermal) Power Plant

Solar-thermal Power Plant