The Incas might have built Machu Picchu ruins.

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The Incas might have built Machu Picchu ruins. Grammar. Perfect modals in the passive voice for speculating about the past. Macchu Picchu Ruins The Incas might have built Machu Picchu ruins. ( Perfect Modal in the active voice) Machu Picchu ruins may have been built by the Incas. ( Perfect Modal in the passive voice)

Aliens could have made The Nazca Lines. (Active voice) The Nazca Lines could have been made by aliens. (Passive voice)

The storm must have caused the car accident. (Active) Verb : cause The car accident must have been caused by the storm. (Passive) The storm must have caused the car accident. (Active)

A:Do you think dinosaurs were killed by a meteor? Short responses with perfect modals in the passive voice A:Do you think dinosaurs were killed by a meteor? B: They might have been. B: They had to have been.

NOT CERTAIN ALMOST CERTAIN The dinosaurs might (or may) have been killed by a meteor. The trees could have been destroyed by a fire. The gold figures might not (or may not have been lost. ALMOST CERTAIN The stone balls must have been moved by animals. The drawings must not have been discovered until later.

The crater had to have been caused by a meteorite. VERY CERTAIN The crater had to have been caused by a meteorite. The trees couldn’t have been burned by a fire.