Monitoring Chemical Climate Change in America The Case for Ammonia V. Bowersox, C. Lehmann, B. Larson Acknowledge – R. Claybrooke NADP Program Office.

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Presentation transcript:

Monitoring Chemical Climate Change in America The Case for Ammonia V. Bowersox, C. Lehmann, B. Larson Acknowledge – R. Claybrooke NADP Program Office

Air and Rain– the Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology by Robert Angus Smith (1872) “When the sulphuric acid increases more rapidly than the ammonia, the rain becomes acidic.”

Ammonia/Ammonium Trends Methods:  trends period: 1985 through 2002  applied Seasonal Kendall Trend Test  meteorological seasons (Dec-Feb, etc.)  applied four NADP data completeness criteria to accept/reject a season & a site  calculated Sen’s Estimator to quantify trends

Ammonia/Ammonium Trends Results:  139 sites met completeness criteria for the 18-year trends period  Ammonium Increasing 124 (89.2%) sites 58 (41.7%) significant (p<0.05)  Ammonium Decreasing 15 (10.8%) sites 2 (1.4%) significant

Sulfate, Nitrate & Ammonium Trends Results: UpSig |Down Sig Sulfate 7 0 | Ammonium | 15 2 Nitrate | 69 17

Chemical Climate: SO 4 /NH 4 /NH 3 /NO 3 /HNO 3  Inorganic SO 4 has low volatility & reacts readily with NH 3 to form stable salts (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 : NH 4 /SO 4 = 1.00 (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 2 : NH 4 /SO 4 = 0.75 (NH 4 )HSO 4 : NH 4 /SO 4 = 0.50 H 2 SO 4 : NH 4 /SO 4 = 0.00  Ammonia-rich environment: NH 4 /SO 4 >1.00 (Seinfeld, Saxena,Tanner,etal.)

Chemical Climate: SO 4 /NH 4 /NH 3 /NO 3 /HNO 3  NH 4 /NH 3 /NO 3 /HNO 3 : distribution between aerosol & gas phases depends on SO 4, T, T D, P HNO3, P NH3  Ammonia-excess: NH 4 -[(SO 4 +NO 3 +Cl) - (base cations)] > 0 (Blanchard, etal., 2000, JAWMA)

 NH 4 increased at ~90% (42% significant) of sites & SO 4 decreased at ~95% (76% significant) of sites between 1985 and Monitoring Chemical Climate Change in America The Case for Ammonia  These trends, accompanied by locally significant changes in NO 3, have increased the ammonia- excess, altering the SO 4 /NH 4 /NH 3 /NO 3 /HNO 3 chemistry in air and precipitation in the United States.

Monitoring Chemical Climate Change in America The Case for Ammonia  The NADP provides a long-term high-quality database for studying our chemical climate.