Learning objectives: Discuss the spatial pattern of global interactions Key terminology Core Periphery Network Hubs Nodes Semi periphery World systems theory World cities

Match the definitions A Core 1 Central location that dominates financial, political, cultural processes B Periphery 2 Second order cities that are linked to major hubs. This could include a direct flow of people, information or finance. C Semi periphery 3 Areas that can be exploited and suffer from lack of investment D Hubs 4 Countries undergoing class struggles and social change E Nodes 5 Cities that exert a dominant influence over continental and global economies and processes. F World city 6 Areas that experience greater growth, investment and net migration gain A- 6, B-3, C-4, D-1, E-2, F-5

Match the definitions A Core 6 Areas that experience greater growth, investment and net migration gain B Periphery 3 Areas that can be exploited and suffer from lack of investment C Semi periphery 4 Countries undergoing class struggles and social change D Hubs 1 Central location that dominates financial, political, cultural processes E Nodes 2 Second order cities that are linked to major hubs. This could include a direct flow of people, information or finance. F World city 5 Cities that exert a dominant influence over continental and global economies and processes. A- 6, B-3, C-4, D-1, E-2, F-5

Global Hubs Switched-on places possessing qualities that make other places want to connect with them. World cities (London, Tokyo, New York etc.) Many host the major TNCs, why?. They tend to be places of increasingly diverse culture as flows of people, finance, trade and ideas converge on them.

Hubs are connected by flows and networks Flows of Money and capital through stock market at major hubs (NY, Tokyo and London)

Flows Information via internet, facebook, myspace

More flows •Flows Of Manufactured goods particularly those of transnational corporations (TNCs) Tesco, Disney •Flows Of Raw materials Such as food, oil, minerals •Flows of people Demographic changes e.g. Poles to UK, Filipinos to HK

Networks •Transport networks e.g. air travel and container/bulk Shipping, DragonAir •Political networks especially those that focus on economic / trade ties- trade blocs

World cities? Large urbanised regions defined by dense patterns of interaction Centres through which money, information and commodities flow Hierarchical Primary cities command most economic power and attract greatest global investment Sites for concentration and accumulation of capital

Where is the core? You must identify 12 world cities based on the following 1. Global Finance Centres. 2. Countries with the highest number of McDonald's restaurants. 3. Number of mobile phones in use. 4. Internet users. 5. Busiest passenger airports. 6. Tourism receipts (US$)

World cities Economic: Stock exchanges, corporate headquarters, high cost of living, financial transactions Political: World influence, expatriate communities, headquarters of international organisations, capital cities Cultural: Familiarity, host of sporting and cultural events, centre of education and tourism, variety of religions Infrastructural: International airport, mass transit system (underground.subway), quality infrastructure and amenities

How do yours compare? P320 Course companion

What models have you studied about progress and development? When did globalisation commence? Which developmental models are most accurate?

The theory states that as prosperity grows, the majority of the wealth is enjoyed by a core of the population. Furthermore, even though the periphery has a greater population, it is the countries with the strongest economic system that holds the strongest government.

The global cities Index: Based on: Business activity Human capital Information exchange Cultural experience Political engagement Spatial distribution of global ‘Alpha’ cities: Alpha + + London & New York Alpha + Paris, Tokyo, Sydney, Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong Alpha Toronto, Brussels, Madrid, Milan, Moscow, Mumbai, KL, Seoul Alpha - LA, Mexico City, Chicago, Caracas, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Bangkok, Taipei….

World cities These have been created by a shift from an international economy, where goods and services are traded across national boundaries by individuals and firms from different countries under the strict control of individual nations to a GLOBAL ECONOMY

Global economy Goods and services are produced by large MNCs who dictate the industrial policy of the nation state They usually orchestrate their operations from world cities