A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1 Chapter 8 State Government Section 1:The States Section 2:State Legislatures Section 3:The State Executive Branch Section 4:State Courts

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2 Chapter 8 OBJECTIVES  What powers do states have?  What are the components of a state constitution?  How do states cooperate with each other and with the federal government? Section 1:The States

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON3 Chapter 8 State Powers  Election oversight  Education  Police protection  Public building programs  Health and safety  Highways Section 1:The States Concurrent powers, like taxation, are exercised by both state and federal governments.

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON4 Chapter 8 Components of a state constitution:  Preamble—states the ideals of the government  Bill of rights—list of rights guaranteed to citizens  Outline of government organization—duties of the government’s branches are spelled out  Provisions for elections  Provisions for managing state affairs, such as education, law and order, highways, and taxation  Methods of amending the state’s constitution and list of approved amendments Section 1:The States

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON5 Chapter 8 Cooperation of states with each other and the federal government:  The full faith and credit clause of the U.S. Constitution ensures states will respect court decisions of other states.  Fugitives from one state are subject to extradition if found in another state.  States work together to reduce pollution and maintain mutual public interests. Section 1:The States

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON6 Chapter 8 Cooperation of states with each other and the federal government: (continued)  The U.S. Constitution guarantees a “republican government” to each state.  The federal government must help put down “domestic violence” in the states.  Governments work together to conserve resources, assist the unemployed, build highways, and offer job training. Section 1:The States

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON7 Chapter 8 OBJECTIVES  Why must the populations in state election districts be as equal as possible?  What are the qualifications and terms of office for state legislators?  How are presiding officers chosen, and how is the work of state legislatures carried out in most states? Section 2:State Legislatures

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON8 Chapter 8 Populations in state election districts:  1964—Reynolds v. Sims: all state election districts must be as equal as possible  Equally populated districts ensure the principle of “one person, one vote.” Section 2:State Legislatures

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON9 Chapter 8 Many states require similar qualifications and terms of office for state legislators:  Must be U.S. citizens and residents of the district they represent  Senators must be at least 25 years of age, and representatives must be at least 21.  Two- to four-year terms  Salaries and benefits tend to be low. Section 2:State Legislatures

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON10 Chapter 8 Choosing presiding officers and carrying out legislation:  Either the lieutenant governor or a selected official presides over the Senate.  Speakers are chosen in the lower houses.  Committees are appointed.  Seniority determines many of the appointments. Section 2:State Legislatures

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON11 Chapter 8 Choosing presiding officers and carrying out legislation: (continued)  State bills follow a path similar to that of federal bills before they can become laws.  Some states require referendums before certain bills become laws. Section 2:State Legislatures

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON12 Chapter 8 OBJECTIVES  What are the qualifications, terms of office, duties, and powers of most governors?  Who are the other officials of state executive branches?  What is the purpose of state executive agencies and officials? Section 3:The State Executive Branch

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON13 Chapter 8 Most governors  must be U.S. citizens who have lived in the state for a certain number of years.  must be at least 30 years old.  serve four-year terms with limits of one to two terms. Section 3:The State Executive Branch

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON14 Chapter 8 Duties and powers of governors include  proposing laws and programs to the legislature; approving or vetoing bills.  developing state budgets.  controlling state police and militia.  appointing officials and supervising executive branch. Section 3:The State Executive Branch

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON15 Chapter 8 Other officials of the state executive branch, in most states:  Lieutenant governor—succeeds governor; presides over the Senate  Secretary of state—keeps state records and supervises elections  Attorney general—in charge of legal business  State treasurer—supervises all state funds Section 3:The State Executive Branch

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON16 Chapter 8 Other officials of the state executive branch, in most states: (continued)  State auditor (comptroller)—supervises the state’s financial records  Superintendent of public instruction—governs local school districts and distributes state funds Section 3:The State Executive Branch

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON17 Chapter 8 State Executive Agencies and Officials  Help the governor carry out the laws  Have specific areas of responsibility such as agriculture, justice, labor, public safety, public works, or transportation  Officials of agencies are usually appointed by the governor.  Some jobs are filled through patronage. Section 3:The State Executive Branch

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON18 Chapter 8 OBJECTIVES  What kinds of cases do state courts handle?  What are the areas of responsibility of each of the four types of state courts?  How does overcrowding cause problems for the courts? Section 4:State Courts

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON19 Chapter 8 State courts handle  criminal cases, which deal with violations of the law that harm individuals or society.  civil cases, which deal with disputes between individuals or business and generally involve money or property. Section 4:State Courts

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON20 Chapter 8 Four types of state courts and their responsibilities:  Lower courts—handle minor civil cases and misdemeanors; traffic cases, family-relations cases, and small claims  General trial courts—handle major criminal and civil cases  Appeals courts—handle appealed cases from the lower courts Section 4:State Courts

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON21 Chapter 8 Four types of state courts and their responsibilities: (continued)  State supreme court—handles appealed cases from the appeals court Section 4:State Courts

A merican C ivicsHOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON22 Chapter 8 Overcrowding in the courts causes problems.  Calendars are often a year or more behind.  People wait years for settlements.  Jails are overcrowded with accused persons awaiting trial.  Crowding thwarts constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial. Section 4:State Courts