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 Research Procedure  My recent research papers  High Frequency Trading, Macro events 2

 Key paper: G. Andrew Karolyi, 2011, “The Ultimate Irrelevance Proposition in Finance?, “ The Financial Review, 46, 2011, 485– 512.  Related 1: Edward Leamer, E., 1983, “Let’s take the con out of econometrics,” American Economic Review, 73, 31–43.  Related 2: D. N. McCloskey, 1985, “The loss function has been mislaid: The rhetoric of significance tests,” American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 75, 201–205.  General: Writing Tips for Ph. D. Students, John H. Cochrane, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago 3

 “except in the limiting case of literally zero correlation, if the sample were large enough, all the coefficients would be significantly different from everything” 4

1.Does the paper mention the power of the tests? 2.If the paper does mention the power of the test, does it do anything about it? 3.Does the paper use any type of simulations, such asMonte Carlo or Bootstrap methods, to determine whether the coefficients are reasonable? 4.Does the paper distinguish between statistical and economic significance? 5

5.If the paper does distinguish between statistical and economic significance, does it clearly quantify the magnitude of the coefficients? 6.If the paper does distinguish between statistical and economic significance and if it does quantify the magnitude of the coefficients, does it carefully interpret these coefficients? 7.Does the paper report summary or descriptive statistics for variables used in the analysis? 8.Does the paper clearly specify a null hypothesis? 6

 All empirical papers published  In Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, and Review of Financial Services  For years 1989, 1999, and 2009  Like survey by McCloskey, D.N. and S. Ziliak, 1996, “The standard error of regressions,” Journal of Economic Literature, 34, 97–114. 7

 All empirical papers published  In Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, and Review of Financial Services  For years 1989, 1999, and 2009  457 papers  Update of survey in 8

1.Does the paper mention the power of the tests? 13.3%, 4.4% 2.If the paper does mention the power of the test, does it do anything about it? 9.0%, 16.7% 3.Does the paper use any type of simulations, such asMonte Carlo or Bootstrap methods, to determine whether the coefficients are reasonable? 21.9%, 13.2% 4.Does the paper distinguish between statistical and economic significance? 88.0%, 80.2% 9

5.If the paper does distinguish between statistical and economic significance, does it clearly quantify the magnitude of the coefficients? 56.7%, 66.5% 6.If the paper does distinguish between statistical and economic significance and if it does quantify the magnitude of the coefficients, does it carefully interpret these coefficients? 55.1%, 44.5% 7.Does the paper report summary or descriptive statistics for variables used in the analysis? 89.1%, 32.4% 8.Does the paper clearly specify a null hypothesis? 86.4%, 97.3% 10

 John Cochrane, Writing Tips for Ph. D. Students, pdf file, web address: /research/Papers/phd_paper_writing.pdf  Greg Mankiw blog, How to write well, web address: to-write-well.html  aa 11

 McCloskey, writing, book, Economical Writing, 2 nd Edition, 1999, Waveland Press, Inc.  R. Carter Hill, Professor Econometrics and Economics, Louisiana State University, web address: s_papers.htm 12

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