Blood Typing Honors Biology Powerpoint #3

What is in blood? 4) Red Blood Cells 1) White blood cells 2) Platelets 3) Plasma 4) Red Blood Cells • Carry oxygen throughout body • Determine blood type

Blood Typing Genotypes Up to this point, we have talked about only 2 alleles for any gene (for example A or a) In human blood types, there are 3 alleles: A, B and O This is called multiple alleles

Blood Typing Genotypes Some rules in blood typing: I is dominant to i There are 6 possible genotypes, and 4 phenotypes IAIA and IAi = blood type A IBIB and IBi = blood type B IAIB = blood type AB ii = blood type O

What does your blood type mean? Different blood types have different SURFACE PROTEINS on their RED BLOOD CELLS

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells help identify “self” The pattern of sugars that are attached is determined by a gene

Type A (IAIA and Iai) An A allele (IA) tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

Type B (IBIB and Ibi) An B allele (IB) tells the cell to put different “B” glycoproteins on its surface

Type O (ii) An O allele (i) tells the cell NOT to put A or B glycoproteins on its surface

Type AB (IAIB) A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH A and B glycoproteins on its surface

ANTIBODIES are specialized proteins that are part of your immune system. They react to, and attempt to destroy, ‘foreign’ invaders. Usually determined by their glycoproteins. Glycoproteins on the surface of cells that cause an immune reaction are called ANTIGENS

How Antigens & Antibodies Interact If you are blood type “A”, you have: “A” Antigens AND “B” Antibodies If you add ANTI-A (antibody A) to cells with “A” glycoproteins on their surface, it causes them to clump together = ________________________ AGGLUTINATION

Healthy blood cells vs Agglutinated cells

How Antigens & Antibodies Interact Adding ANTI-A antibodies to cells with B glycoproteins on their surface causes NO REACTION

BLOOD TYPES NO YES YES NO Will ANTI-A react?

BLOOD TYPES NO NO YES YES Will ANTI-B react?

Blood Types A IAIA IAi B A, AB A, O IBIB IBi B, AB B, O AB IAIB A & B Phenotype Possible Genotypes Antigens Antibodies Can give blood to Can get blood from A IAIA IAi B A, AB A, O IBIB IBi B, AB B, O AB IAIB A & B None A, B, AB, O O ii

The A,B,O SYSTEM IS NOT THE ONLY ONE Blood can also be Rh+ (positive) or Rh-(negative)

Rh Factor The Rh factor describes another surface protein on the RBC. It is named after the Rhesus monkey, where it was initially identified If your blood does contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+) If your blood does NOT contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-)

Rh Factor Similar to ABO blood types, an Rh- person may have the Rh antibody. Therefore, Rh+ individuals can give blood only to other Rh+, but Rh- can give blood to both Rh+ and Rh- So, O- is the ultimate donor!

BLOOD TYPES NO YES Will ANTI-Rh react?

You can determine the blood type of a cell by seeing which ANTIBODY it reacts with Add 1 drop of person’s blood to each well Add 10uL ANTI-A serum to A well Add 10uL of ANTI-B serum to B well Add 10uL of ANTI-Rh to Rh well

You are looking for blood agglutination Type A will clump in well A Type B will clump in well B Type AB will clump in both well A & B Type O will NOT clump in A or B Rh+ will clump in Rh well

Blood Typing Game