Plants, Herbivores, and Parasitoids A Model System for the study of Tri-Trophic Associations NSF ADBC Digitization TCN Melissa Tulig, Toby Schuh & Rob Naczi

TCN Partners Entomology ▫ Toby Schuh, American Museum of Natural History ▫ Christine Johnson, American Museum of Natural History ▫ Christiane Weirauch, University of California, Riverside ▫ John Heraty, University of California, Riverside ▫ Charles Bartlett, University of Delaware ▫ Benjamin Normark, University of Massachusetts, Amherst ▫ Neal Evenhuis, BP Bishop Museum, Honolulu ▫ David Kavanaugh,California Academy of Sciences ▫ Stephen D. Gaimari,California Dept. Food and Agriculture ▫ Chen Young, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg ▫ Boris C. Kondratieff, Colorado State University ▫ James K. Liebherr, Cornell University ▫ Dmitry Dmitriev, Illinois Natural History Survey ▫ Richard Brown, Mississippi State University ▫ Andy Deans, North Carolina State University ▫ David Maddison, Oregon State University ▫ John Oswald, Texas A&M University ▫ Kipling Will, University of California, Berkeley ▫ Caroline Chaboo, University of Kansas ▫ Michael Sharkey, University of Kentucky Data Contributors ▫ Canadian National Collection, Ottawa ▫ University of California, Davis ▫ Kansas State University Botany ▫ Robert Magill, Missouri Botanical Garden ▫ Robert Naczi, New York Botanical Garden ▫ Richard Rabeler, University of Michigan ▫ Melissa Tulig, New York Botanical Garden ▫ Margaret Koopman, Eastern Michigan University ▫ Loy Phillippe, Illinois Natural History Survey ▫ Deborah Lewis, Iowa State University ▫ Michael Vincent, Miami University ▫ Timothy Hogan, University of Colorado ▫ Mary Ann Feist, University of Illinois ▫ Craig Freeman, University of Kansas ▫ Christopher Cambell, University of Maine ▫ Anita Cholewa, University of Minnesota ▫ Beryl Simpson, University of Texas ▫ Kenneth Cameron, University of Wisconsin Data Contributors ▫ Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria ▫ Consortium of California Herbaria ▫ Southwest Biodiversity Consortium This project could not have been put together without an amazing team of people.

30 Institutions across the US

A Tri-Trophic Example Crop Plants (Solanaceae) Aphids (Hemiptera) ParasitoidsPlantsInsect Herbivores Parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera) Herbivory causes yellowing of leaves, curled leaves, stunted growth, wilting, low harvesting yields and death of the plant Pierce stems and leaves to feed on the plants – specialize on one species or numerous species Lay eggs directly inside the aphids and consume them from the inside out

A Tri-Trophic Approach About 85% of Hemiptera are herbivorous with high host specificity for many large plant families (Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae) Hempitera are serious agricultural pests (armored scales, mealy bugs, potato leafhoppers, Lygus bugs) Vectors of viral and bacterial diseases (Green peach aphid is a vector of over 100 plant viruses) Parasitic Hymenoptera are very beneficial as biological control agents The relationship between these groups is of significant ecological and economic importance

Species Coverage for the North American Biota BugsPlants Hemiptera Number of species Coccoidea (scale insects)986 Aphidoidea (plant lice)1,532 Psylloidea (jumping plant lice)176 Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, hoppers)4,629 Heteroptera3,827 Total Hemiptera11,150 Family Number of species Apiaceae250 Asteraceae2,400 Chenopodiaceae250 Cupressaceae30 Cyperaceae850 Fabaceae850 Fagaceae97 Grossulariaceae53 Juglandaceae17 Lamiaceae240 Oleaceae35 Pinaceae66 Poaceae1,400 Polygonaceae440 Rhamnaceae75 Rosaceae360 Salicaceae123 Scrophulariaceae430 Solanaceae85 Zygophyllaceae15 Total8,066 Parasitoid Hymenoptera Number of species Aphelinidae212 Encyrtidae490 Mymaridae187 Signiphoridae19 Trichogrammatidae131 Total Parasitoids1,039

Bugs Specimen Digitization Institution Specimens databased % georeferenced Prior fundingSpecimens to be databased American Museum of Natural History30,000100NSF-PBI333,000 B. P. Bishop Museum0070,000 California Academy Sciences4,000100NSF-PBI40,000 California Dept. Food & Agriculture1,000100NSF-PBI75,000 Carnegie Museum0115,000 Colorado State University0115,000 Cornell University0130,000 Illinois Natural History Survey36,000100NSF-REVSYS73,000 Mississippi St. University0050,000 N. Carolina St. University1,000100NSF-BRC75,000 Oregon State University1, ,000 Texas A&M University15,000100NSF-PBI150,000 University of California, Berkeley, Essig Mus.12,00092NSF-PBI, NSF-BRC45,000 University of California, Riverside14,000100NSF-PBI, NSF-DBI75,000 University of Delaware2,000020,000 University of Kansas0050,000 University of Kentucky0035,000 University Massachussetts10,000015,000 Total126,000 1,206,000 Grand Total 1,332,000

Plants Specimen Digitization InstitutionSpecimens databased % georeferenced Prior fundingSpecimens to be databased or enhanced University of Colorado51,000067,000 Eastern Michigan Univ.0010,000 University of Illinois0030,000 Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey308, ,000 Iowa State University46, ,000 University of Kansas129, ,000 University of Maine100,000034,000 University of Michigan26, ,000 University of Minnesota93,00010NSF- BRC70,000 Missouri Botanical Garden247,00025NSF-BRC101,000 Miami University14,000535,000 New York Bot. Garden102,00030NSF-BRC, NSF-PBI274,000 University of Texas105, ,000 University of Wisconsin120, ,000 Total1,341,000 1,224,000 GRAND TOTAL2,565,000

Project management Steering Committee of 10 PIs ▫ Toby Schuh (AMNH) Committee Chair ▫ First TCN meeting Oct th in NY Full-time Project Manager at AMNH ▫ Daily project management, training of entomology partners, & centralized georeferencing Full-time Project Coordinator at NYBG ▫ Training of botany partners, barcoding of NY specimens and database all herbarium specimens for all partner institutions Digitization assistants ▫ Hourly staff at all partner institutions to image or database specimens

Infrastructure Use existing infrastructure for hardware and software at each institution Each institution will use existing databases and imaging stations or share with partner institutions Use existing Storage Area Networks at NYBG & AMNH (Mirror the PBI AMNH database at UCR) Use an existing web portal for data integration (Discover Life) as modeled by AMNH’s NSF PBI Plants & Bugs project, plus send copies to iDigBio, GBIF & other networks Looking forward to working with solutions and tools developed by iDigBio & others

Plants

Plants Workflow Specimens are barcoded, given a filed as name, and imaged at partner institutions Image files are sent to NY Each image file gets a database record with the institution, barcode number, filed as determination, and preliminary OCR of the label ▫ Using Tropicos from Missouri Botanical Garden as our names authority file NY Project Coordinator completes the partial records Send DarwinCore to DiscoverLife and back to each partner institution

Imaging Station – 90 specimens/hour

How do we complete & georeference 1,200,000+ partial records? Send image files through SALIX/HERBIS Merge existing partner datasets and expect duplicates Scatter, Gather, Reconcile; FilteredPush Crowd sourcing & citizen scientists Georeferencing tools: GEOLocate, BioGeomancer & others All ideas welcome!

Bottlenecks Curation ▫ Outdated names, specimens of the same species filed under more than one name Combined data ▫ Duplicates and differing names – how to know which is correct, how to report discrepancies back to home institutions File transfer ▫ What’s the best way to move 1,000,000 images to NY? Long-term archival image storage for all institutions? ▫ Potentially 36+ TB of raw files

Bugs

Bugs Workflow Organize specimens by collection event Pin barcodes to each specimen Perform data entry for all specimens Take close up images of representative specimens of every species AMNH Matrix-code labels

Databasing Use existing online PBI database for most data entry

Streamlined Interface for Rapid Data Entry Taxon names Locality data Collection Events Specimen Data Host names

Link directly to host plant images Voucher specimenCollection siteLiving host plant

Imaging Image representative specimens for each species Use existing imaging stations at partner institutions About 30% of Hemiptera are complete Expect to produce about 20,000 new images

Combine datasets in Discover Life PBI database is already set up as a data provider to Discover Life Generates species pages that include specimen data, maps, and images Creates a linkage between host/parasite/parasitoid data Updates PBI data every 24 hours to deliver up-to-date information

What can be done with these 4,000,000+ combined data records? Conservation biology: management decision making Systematics: species distributions Biogeography: large data pool for studies of endemism Ecology: host-herbivore-parasitoid relationships and origins Agricultural sciences: invasive/pest species data and management, identifications at ports Climate change studies: ecological niche modeling; phenological changes; distributional changes

Thank you, NSF! Contact Us Toby Schuh Rob Naczi Melissa Tulig