Stem cells and its application

Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research University of Kufa Faculty of Science Department of Laboratory Investigation Class: 4 th Title of lecture (Stem cells and its application) Ali Adil Majeed M.Sc. In Histophysiology

Outline of the lecture : 1- Definition of stem cells 2- Unique properties of the stem cells 3-Types of the stem cells. 4- Types of differentiation of stem cells. 5- Applications of stem cells in treatment of diseases.

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. What are the unique Properties of Stem cells ?? Self –renewal Potency Obligatory Stochastic

Are found types of differentiation of stem cells?1 1- Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into embryonic and extra embryonic cell types. Cells produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent. 2- Pluripotent stem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly all cells, i.e. cells derived from any of the three germ layers.

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3- Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a number of cell types, but only those of a closely related family of cells. 4- Oligopotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few cell types, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells. 5- Omnipotent stem cells can produce only one cell type, their own, but have the property of self-renewal, which distinguishes them from non-stem cells (e.g. progenitor cells, muscle stem cells).

Types of stem cells 1- Embryonic stem (ES) cells which are: Derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo. Reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. ES cells are pluripotent. Rapidly Differentiation.

Fluorescent imaging of embryonic stem cell colonies.

2- Fetal stem cells which divided into A- Fetal proper stem cells Located in the organs of fetuses generally obtained after an abortion.These stem cells are not immortal but have a high level of division and are multipotent. B- Extraembryonic fetal stem cells Come from extraembryonic membranes. Generally not distinguished from adult stem cells. These stem cells are acquired after birth. They are not immortal but have a high level of cell division, and are pluripotent.

3- Adult stem cells which are : Also called somatic stem cells, which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.They can be found in children, as well as adults. Generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and the bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells

Applications of the stem cells in medicine field 1- Heart Faileur *Adult stem cell therapy for treating heart disease was commercially available in at least five continents. The first successful integration of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in guinea pigs (mouse hearts beat too fast) was reported in August In 2013 the pioneering reports of powerful beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow stem cells on ventricular function were found to contain "hundreds" of discrepancies

Diabetes: Diabetes patients lose the function of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas. [49] In recent experiments, scientists have been able to coax embryonic stem cell to turn into beta cells in the lab. In theory if the beta cell is transplanted successfully, they will be able to replace malfunctioning ones in a diabetic patient [49]

Missing teeth In 2004, scientists at King's College London discovered a way to cultivate a complete tooth in mice and were able to grow bioengineerd teeth stand-alone in the laboratory. Researchers are confident that the tooth regeneration technology can be used to grow live teeth in human patients. How???!!!

stem cells when implanted in the gums, will give rise to a new tooth, and would be expected to be grown in a time over three weeks. It will fuse with the jawbone and release chemicals that encourage nerves and blood vessels to connect with it. The process is similar to what happens when humans grow their original adult teeth.

Conclusion 1- Stem cells are un differentiation cells that derived from embryo, fetal and adult. 2- They are found in various shaped, numbers, location and methods of differentiation. 3- In the nearly future, they will use in regeneration of new tissues, organs and blood parameters Insha'Allah

Please dears, answer the following : 1- What are the stem cells? 2- What Unique properties of the stem cells? 3- What are types of the stem cells? 4- Give examples of non stem cells? 5- In your opinion, what are the last uses of stem cells in therapy of disease?