1. CELLULAR DIVISION
Stem Cells

2. What Are Stem Cells?
Stem cells are the source, or “stem”, for all of the specialized cells that form our organs and tissues.
Your body contains over 200 types of cells
blood cells carry oxygen
muscle cells contract so that you can move
nerve cells transmit chemical signals
The job of a stem cell is to make new cells.

3. HOW?
It does this by undergoing an amazing process differentiating, or changing into another type of cell.
Each time a stem cell divides, one of the new cells might remain a stem cell while the other turns into a heart, blood, brain, or other type of cell.
In fact, stem cells are able to divide to replenish themselves and other cells without any apparent limit. 

5. Stem Cell History
Scientists discovered ways to derive embryonic stem cells from early mouse embryos more than 30 years ago, in 1981.
In 1998 the detailed study of the biology of mouse stem cells led to the discovery of a method to derive stem cells from human embryos and grow the cells in the laboratory.

6. Stem Cells

7. Types of Stem Cells
There are many kinds of stem cells, but two types have made frequent appearances in the news:
embryonic stem cells (ES)
somatic stem cells (adult stem cells)

8. Embryonic Stem Cells present in very early—and very tiny—embryos
produce the first cells of the heart, brain, and other organs.
have the potential to form just about any other cell in the body.

9. Zygote - (fertilization took place)

10. Early Cell Division
Source: Florida Institute for Reproductive Science and Technologies

11. Four-cell stage 2 days after fertilization
Source: Florida Institute for Reproductive Science and Technologies

12. Eight-cell stage 3 days after fertilization
Courtesy: RWJMS IVF Program
Source: Florida Institute for Reproductive Science and Technologies

13. Morula (ball of cells) 4 days after fertilization 16 cells
Source: Florida Institute for Reproductive Science and Technologies

14. Blastula (earliest stage of embryo) 5 days after fertilization
Source: Florida Institute for Reproductive Science and Technologies
Courtesy: RWJMS IVF Program

15. Blastula (Blastocyst) (hollow ball of cells making embryo)
This image has been released into the public domain.

16. Adult Stem Cells
Adult stem cells can replenish some tissues lost through normal wear and tear or injury.
However, adult stem cells are only able to generate a few specific cell types.
adult stem cells in bone marrow, for example, make new blood cells,
adult stem cells in the skin make the cells that replenish layers of the skin. 

18. Types of Stem Cells

19. Pluripotent stem cells
Totipotent stem cells
one of the most important stem cells types because they have the potential to develop into any cell found in the human body
“whole”
Pluripotent stem cells
which can go on to specialize further but can't ever produce an entire organism.
“many”

20. Multipotent Stem Cells
Develop multiple, organ specific cell types.
“several”
Unipotent stem cells
a cell that can differentiate along only one lineage.
the word 'uni' itself is derived from the Latin word 'unus,' meaning one.
found in adult tissues
has the capacity to differentiate into only one type of cell or tissue 

22. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are created artificially in the lab by "reprogramming" a patient's own cells.
iPS cells can be made from readily available cells including fat, skin, and fibroblasts (cells that produce connective tissue).

24. Since iPS cells can be made from a patient's own cells, there is no danger that their immune system will reject them.
iPS cells are much less expensive to create than ES
However, because the "reprogramming" process introduces genetic modifications, the safety of using iPS cells in patients is uncertain.

25. Stem Cells: Cells With Potential

26. Where are Stem Cells Located?
Adult stem cells have been identified in many organs and tissues, including
brain
bone marrow
peripheral blood
blood vessels
skeletal muscle
skin
teeth
heart
gut
liver
ovarian epithelium
testis.

27. Cord blood
Once discarded as medical waste, cord blood is the small volume of blood that’s left in the umbilical cord after birth.
rich sources of stem cells in the body, due to the type of stem cells it contains
has long been used in the treatment of many blood diseases, including anemia, leukemia, myelodysplasia, and lymphoma.
$3000 upfront $150/year

28. Teeth
In the early 2000s, around 20 years after they were discovered in umbilical cord blood, stem cells were found in our teeth.

29. Save a Tooth Upfront Cost Annual Cost Store – A - Tooth $1,749 $120
The Tooth Bank
$475
$115
Stem Save
$630

31. Why Important
Stem cells represent an exciting area in medicine because of their potential to regenerate and repair damaged tissue.
Some current therapies, such as bone marrow transplantation, already make use of stem cells and their potential for regeneration of damaged tissues.

32. Potential Treatments Include:
regenerating bone using cells derived from bone marrow stroma
developing insulin-producing cells for type 1 diabetes
repairing damaged heart muscle following a heart attack with cardiac muscle cells.

33. Stem Cell Story Stem Cell Medicine Stem Cell Heart

34. Stem Cell Quiz

35. Stem Cells
Private Funding
Public Funding

36. Parents have babies by means of in vitro fertilization.
After the fertilized eggs were examined, the best ones were implanted and the babies were born.
What should become of the other fertilized eggs.
Annual cost to “keep the others frozen” is $500 annually.

37. Ethics
Until recently, the only way to get pluripotent stem cells for research was to remove the inner cell mass of an embryo and put it in a dish. The thought of destroying a human embryo can be unsettling, even if it is only five days old.

38. Ethics Stem cell research thus raised difficult questions:
Does life begin at fertilization, in the womb, or at birth?
Is a human embryo equivalent to a human child?
Does a human embryo have any rights?
Might the destruction of a single embryo be justified if it provides a cure for a countless number of patients?
Since ES cells can grow indefinitely in a dish and can, in theory, still grow into a human being, is the embryo really destroyed?

39. One Families Dilemma