Imaging with Waves. How good is the eye? 100 - 50  m resolution.

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Presentation transcript:

Imaging with Waves

How good is the eye?  m resolution

Magnification

Seeing small things Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

The inverted telescope

Robert Hooke

Seeing sharper

Modern optical microscopy

Focusing down Airy Disk 0.61 /NA NA = nsin  22 Resolution ~ 300 nm

The diffraction limit Objects spaced apart by less than d~ /2NA cannot be resolved individually! Ernst Abbe ( )

Imaging with the diffraction limit ObjectImageFocal spot Images can be improved by using shorter wavelengths

CD versus DVD 7x more data on DVD because of different wavelength! 780 nm650 nm (Blu-Ray DVD uses 405 nm, 6x more data than DVD)

UV lithography

Superresolution

Single molecules

Seeing single molecules at work

Seeing smaller things using EM radiationusing particles of particles: Electron with v = 1.0 x 10 5 m/s:

Electron Microscopy Resolution ~ 0.2 nm

Electron Microscopy

Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Viral DNA portal protein

What are X -rays? Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen ( ) Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength of ~ m

Focusing or diffracting? Bragg diffractionDiffraction pattern 2d sin  = n

X-ray crystallography

Protein structure determination X-ray crystallography reveals electron densities

Protein structure determination

No longer a mystery

DNA polymerase on the DNA backbone