Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 SDSS slideshow

COSMOLOGY BASICS Max Tegmark, MIT

Midsummer holiday, Leksand, Sweden

Max Tegmark University of Pennsylvania Max Tegmark University of Pennsylvania Where I was born and raised

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Who are you?

The cosmic plan: Overview of cosmology theory & observation - 0th order: cosmic expansion history - 1st order: cosmic clustering history - Observational tools: supernovae, CMB, galaxy clustering,. clusters, lensing, Ly  forest, etc - Cosmological parameters Revolutions on the horizon: - Nature of dark energy How will the Universe end? Will it? - Nature of dark matter What is the Universe made of? - Nature of our early universe How did the Universe begin? Did it? - String theory? Multiverse? - 21 cm tomography Sarah Church Sean Carroll, Phil Marshall Neal Weiner Sean Carroll L1: L2:

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 THE COSMIC SM Ö RG Å SBORD Galaxy surveys Microwave background Gravitational lensing Big Bang nucleosynthesis Supernovae Ia Galaxy clusters Lyman  forest Neutral hydrogen tomography

What have we learned?

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 OUR PLACE IN SPACE

DSE

SDSS movie

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 OUR PLACE IN TIME

The sky as a time machine

Dark energy evidence (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) Hot Dense Smooth Cool Rarefied Clumpy Brief History of our Universe 400 Dark matter creation? Antimatter annihilation Creation of atomic nuclei

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Formation movies

Fluctuation generator Fluctuation amplifier Hot Dense Smooth Cool Rarefied Clumpy To 0th order: Cosmological functions   (z), G(z,k), P s (k), P t (k) H(z) (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team)

Fluctuation generator Fluctuation amplifier Hot Dense Smooth Cool Rarefied Clumpy H(z) P(k,z) To 1st order: (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team)

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Higher order: gastrophysics 0th order: a(t) 1st order: g(z,k) (Figure courtesy of COBE team)

Measuring Expansion: Standardizable candles Standardizable rods Standardizable clocks a(t) H(z) 0th order: (More on this in the lectures of Sean Carroll & Phil Marshall)

100dpi Figure from WMAP team

100dpi Distant light is -dimmed -redshifted

100dpi Distant light is -dimmed -redshifted Redshift Dimming

100dpi Distant light is -dimmed -redshifted Redshift Dimming Standard candles, rulers or clocks

Boom zoom Standardizable candles (From Saul Perlmutter’s web site)

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom Cosmic strings Open universe Inflation with  Inflation without  Using CMB blobs as a standardizable ruler: Guth & Kaiser 2005 (Science) + WMAP3

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom Using galaxy correlations as a standardizable ruler: Easiest to understand in real space (Bashinsky & Bertschinger, PRL, 87, 1301, 2001; PRD , 2002) (Eisenstein, Hu & MT 1998; Eisenstein et al 2005; Cole et al 2005)

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom We’ve measured distance to z=0.35 to 5% accuracy (Eisenstein et al 2005, for the SDSS collaboration astro-ph/050112) Updates in Reid et al , Percival et al , Kazin et al 2009 in prep

Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a standardizable clock: George Gamow

Kirkman et al 2003, astro-ph/ Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a standardizable clock: George Gamow

Tytler et al 2000, astro-ph/ Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a standardizable clock:

SN Ia+CMB+LSS constraints Yun Wang & MT 2004, PRL 92, H = dlna/dt, H 2   Assumes k=0 a = 1/(1+z)

Inflationary gravitational waves as a standardizable clock: Q t ~ H/m planck

SN Ia+CMB+LSS constraints Yun Wang & MT 2004, PRL 92, H = dlna/dt, H 2   Assumes k=0 Vanilla rules OK! What we’ve learned about H(z) from SN Ia, CMB, BAO, BBN, etc:

Riess et al, astro-ph/ What we’ve learned about H(z) from SN Ia

curvature: consistent with vanilla (k = 0) topology: consistent with vanilla

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, st order: measuring clustering

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 History CMB Foreground-cleaned WMAP map from Tegmark, de Oliveira-Costa & Hamilton, astro-ph/

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom z = 1000

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom z = 2.4 Mathis, Lemson, Springel, Kauffmann, White & Dekel 2001

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom z = 0.8 Mathis, Lemson, Springel, Kauffmann, White & Dekel 2001

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom Mathis, Lemson, Springel, Kauffmann, White & Dekel 2001 z = 0

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies Ly  LSS Clusters Lensing Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates CMB

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999 (Based on compilation by Michael Vogeley)

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies LSS

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies LSS Clusters Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies LSS Clusters CMB Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates (More from Sarah Church)

History (Figure from Wayne Hu) (Figure from WMAP team)

History

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 History CMB Foreground-cleaned WMAP map from Tegmark, de Oliveira-Costa & Hamilton, astro-ph/

Why are there any CMB fluctuations at all?

Why the wiggles? What’s their scale?

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom Cosmic strings Open universe Inflation with  Inflation without  Using CMB blobs as a standardizable ruler: Guth & Kaiser 2005 (Science) + WMAP3 3

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies LSS Clusters CMB Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies Ly  LSS Clusters Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates CMB

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Boom zoom Lyman Alpha Forest Simulation: Cen et al 2001 You Quasar Ly  F

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies Ly  LSS Clusters Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates CMB

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies Ly  LSS Clusters Lensing Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates CMB

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 Chema movie

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING: A1689 imaged by Hubble ACS, Broadhurst et al 2004

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 distorti on Lensing

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies Ly  LSS Clusters Lensing Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates CMB

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999 (Based on compilation by Michael Vogeley)

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, par movies Ly  LSS Clusters Lensing Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/ updates CMB

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 But the best is yet to come… Precision, 21cm tomography, …

LSS Our observable universe

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, DO ANY OF THESE QUESTIONS CONFUSE YOU? 1. What is the Universe expanding into? 2. How can stuff be more than 14 billion light years away when the Universe is only 14 billion light years old? 3. Where in space did the Big Bang explosion happen? 4. Did the Big Bang happen at a single point? 5. How could a the Big Bang create an infinite space in a finite time? 6. How could space not be infinite? 7. If the Universe is only 10 billion years old, how can we see objects that are now 30 billion light years away? 8. Don’t galaxies receeding faster than c violate relativity theory? 9. Are galaxies really moving away from us, or is space just expanding? 10. Is the Milky Way expanding? 11. Do we have evidence for a Big Bang singularity? 12. What came before the Big Bang? 13.Should I feel insignificant?

Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT SLAC Summer Institute August 3-4, 2009 END OF LECTURE I