Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. IMMIGRATION CHAPTER 4
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Immigration: A Global Phenomenon Can be a result of Push and Pull factors Chain Migration Refers to an immigrant who sponsors several other immigrants who upon their arrival may sponsor still more Potent factor contributing to immigration globally Most important aspect is that the immigrant anticipates knowing someone that can help in adjustment
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Patterns of Immigration to the United States Three unmistakable patterns Three unmistakable patterns Number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically over time due to government policy changes Number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically over time due to government policy changes Settlement has not been uniform across the country but centered in certain regions and cities Settlement has not been uniform across the country but centered in certain regions and cities The source of immigrants has changed over time The source of immigrants has changed over time
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Today’s Foreign-Born Population About 12% are foreign born About 12% are foreign born Six states account for 70% of total foreign born population Six states account for 70% of total foreign born population California, New York, Florida, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois California, New York, Florida, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois Approximately 32.5 million foreign born people are from Latin America Approximately 32.5 million foreign born people are from Latin America Primarily Central America and Mexico Primarily Central America and Mexico Europeans account for less than 6% foreign born today Europeans account for less than 6% foreign born today
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Early Immigration In 1790 English immigrants were the dominant group, numerically 60% of the population, socially and politically 35% of all immigrants to US eventually emigrated back to their home country Not all new arrivals were welcome Xenophobia Fear of hatred of strangers Nativism Beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. The Anti-Chinese Movement Lured by discovery of gold and opening of job opportunities in the West Railroad provided the greatest demand White settlers found Chinese customs and religion difficult to understand Sinophobes People with a fear of anything associated with China Fear of “yellow peril” Threat they posed as laborers
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Though many arguments were voiced, racial fears motivated the anti-Chinese movement and race was the critical issue Though many arguments were voiced, racial fears motivated the anti-Chinese movement and race was the critical issue Conflict Theory Conflict Theory Chinese were welcomed only when their labor was necessary Chinese were welcomed only when their labor was necessary Restrictions were not applied evenly Restrictions were not applied evenly Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Denied naturalization rights to Chinese in the US Denied naturalization rights to Chinese in the US Decline in legal immigration Decline in legal immigration Dramatically effected the structure of the Chinese community and family Dramatically effected the structure of the Chinese community and family
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Restrictionist Sentiment Increases The extension of restrictions from the anti- Asian movement to European nationalities The extension of restrictions from the anti- Asian movement to European nationalities 1908 – The Gentleman’s Agreement was signed 1908 – The Gentleman’s Agreement was signed Prodded by anti-Japanese feelings Prodded by anti-Japanese feelings Japan agreed to halt further immigration to US and US agreed end discrimination of Japanese in US Japan agreed to halt further immigration to US and US agreed end discrimination of Japanese in US Immigration ended but anti-Japanese feelings continued Immigration ended but anti-Japanese feelings continued
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Two types of immigrants: old and new Two types of immigrants: old and new New immigrants were seen as a threat to democracy and the American way of life New immigrants were seen as a threat to democracy and the American way of life 1917 Congressional Bill on immigration 1917 Congressional Bill on immigration Included controversial literacy test Included controversial literacy test Prohibited immigration from South Sea Islands and other parts of Asia not already excluded Prohibited immigration from South Sea Islands and other parts of Asia not already excluded Curiously, law that closed the door on non- Anglo-Saxons yet permitted a waiver of the test if the immigrants came because of racial discrimination from their home governments Curiously, law that closed the door on non- Anglo-Saxons yet permitted a waiver of the test if the immigrants came because of racial discrimination from their home governments
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. The National Origin System National Origins system established quotas based on the percent of each (Nationality) ethnic group from the 1910 census National Origins system established quotas based on the percent of each (Nationality) ethnic group from the 1910 census Drawn to block growing immigration from Southern Europe, such as Greece and Italy Drawn to block growing immigration from Southern Europe, such as Greece and Italy The National Origin System The National Origin System Favored Northern and Western European immigrants over Southern and Eastern European immigrants Favored Northern and Western European immigrants over Southern and Eastern European immigrants Quotas went unfilled and immigration dropped Quotas went unfilled and immigration dropped Backlog in other countries Backlog in other countries Shaped the ethnic landscape of America Shaped the ethnic landscape of America
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 Primary goals of the act was to reunite families and protect American labor market Also initiated restrictions on immigration from Latin America Naturalization The conferring of citizenship on a person after birth Rules for naturalization 18 years of age Continuous resident for 5 years (3 years for spouses of citizens) Good moral character (absence of criminal offenses) Ability to read and write ordinary English Pass a test in U.S. government and history
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. In 2000 and 2004, 850,000 and 1,100,000 were legally admitted annually for the following reasons: Citizen Family unification Citizen Family unification Spouses of citizens (11%) Spouses of citizens (11%) Children and adoptees (11%) Children and adoptees (11%) Parents (8%) Parents (8%) Other residents (10%) Other residents (10%) Spouses of legal residents (10%) Spouses of legal residents (10%) Employment based (16%) Employment based (16%) Refugees/political asylum seekers (7%) Refugees/political asylum seekers (7%) Diversity (lottery among applicants from nations historically sending few immigrants (5%) Diversity (lottery among applicants from nations historically sending few immigrants (5%) Other (6%) Other (6%)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Contemporary Social Concerns Brain Drain Brain Drain The immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries The immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries H-1B Visas H-1B Visas Permanent work permits to highly skilled immigrants resulting in an economic and social cost to the developing nations Permanent work permits to highly skilled immigrants resulting in an economic and social cost to the developing nations India India Pakistan Pakistan Philippines Philippines Several African nations Several African nations
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Conflict Theory Conflict Theory Views brain drain as another symptom of the unequal distribution of world resources Views brain drain as another symptom of the unequal distribution of world resources By relying on foreign talent, US does not need to take the steps necessary to encourage native members of subordinate groups to enter desirable fields of employment By relying on foreign talent, US does not need to take the steps necessary to encourage native members of subordinate groups to enter desirable fields of employment
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Population Growth Population Growth US is continues to accept large numbers of permanent immigrants US is continues to accept large numbers of permanent immigrants Nation’s birth rate has decreased so consequently, contribution of immigration is more significant Nation’s birth rate has decreased so consequently, contribution of immigration is more significant Legal immigration accounts for about 45-60% of nation’s growth Legal immigration accounts for about 45-60% of nation’s growth To some, US is overpopulated To some, US is overpopulated Sierra Club took official position restricting immigration, recognizing more people puts greater strain on nation’s natural resources Sierra Club took official position restricting immigration, recognizing more people puts greater strain on nation’s natural resources Patterns of uneven settlement in US expected to increase so impact on population growth will be felt more in certain areas Patterns of uneven settlement in US expected to increase so impact on population growth will be felt more in certain areas
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Mixed-status Families Families in which one or more members is a citizen and one or more are noncitizens Families in which one or more members is a citizen and one or more are noncitizens
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Language Barriers Bilingualism: The use of two or more languages in places of work or education and the treatment of each language as legitimate Bilingualism: The use of two or more languages in places of work or education and the treatment of each language as legitimate Bilingual education: A program designed to allow students to learn academic concepts in their native language while they learn a second language Bilingual education: A program designed to allow students to learn academic concepts in their native language while they learn a second language
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Illegal Immigration Control of illegal or undocumented immigrants most bitterly debated aspect of US immigration policy Control of illegal or undocumented immigrants most bitterly debated aspect of US immigration policy Exact number of undocumented or unauthorized workers is subject to estimates and disputes Exact number of undocumented or unauthorized workers is subject to estimates and disputes Illegal and even legal immigrants tied by the public to almost every social problem in the nation Illegal and even legal immigrants tied by the public to almost every social problem in the nation Scapegoats for unemployment, “drug runners” & “terrorists” Scapegoats for unemployment, “drug runners” & “terrorists”
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Cost of policing borders and locating illegal immigrants is sizable Cost of policing borders and locating illegal immigrants is sizable Immigration and Reform Act of 1986 (IRCA) Immigration and Reform Act of 1986 (IRCA) Historic change in immigration policy Historic change in immigration policy Amnesty granted to 1.7 million illegal immigrants who could document long term residency Amnesty granted to 1.7 million illegal immigrants who could document long term residency Conflict Theory Conflict Theory Immigrants, primarily poor and Hispanic or Asian, are being lodged at the bottom of the nation’s social and economic hierarchies Immigrants, primarily poor and Hispanic or Asian, are being lodged at the bottom of the nation’s social and economic hierarchies
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Functionalist Theory Functionalist Theory Employers, by paying low wages, are able to produce goods and services that are profitable for industry and affordable to consumers Employers, by paying low wages, are able to produce goods and services that are profitable for industry and affordable to consumers Despite poor working conditions often experienced by illegal immigrants, continue to come because it is in their best economic interest Despite poor working conditions often experienced by illegal immigrants, continue to come because it is in their best economic interest Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 Emphasized more effort to keep immigrants from entering the country illegally Emphasized more effort to keep immigrants from entering the country illegally No access to social security and welfare No access to social security and welfare
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Path to Citizenship Naturalization: Citizenship is conferred on a person after birth. This is a process outlined by Congress and extends to foreigners the same benefits given to native-born United States citizens Naturalization: Citizenship is conferred on a person after birth. This is a process outlined by Congress and extends to foreigners the same benefits given to native-born United States citizens
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Economic Impact of Immigration Much public and scholarly debate Much public and scholarly debate Most significant factor is whether a study examines national impact of immigration or only its effect on a local area Most significant factor is whether a study examines national impact of immigration or only its effect on a local area Many hold stereotypical belief that immigrants end up on welfare and cause increase in taxes Many hold stereotypical belief that immigrants end up on welfare and cause increase in taxes
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Remittances (Migradollars) Remittances (Migradollars) Money that immigrants return to their country of origin Money that immigrants return to their country of origin Widely recognized as critical to the survival to millions of households worldwide Widely recognized as critical to the survival to millions of households worldwide States have sought legal redress because federal government has not seriously considered granting impact aid to heavily burdened states States have sought legal redress because federal government has not seriously considered granting impact aid to heavily burdened states Paradoxical situation Paradoxical situation Strong economy and concerns about immigration Strong economy and concerns about immigration Suggests other concerns Suggests other concerns Ethnic and racial tension more important in explaining current attitudes toward immigration in US Ethnic and racial tension more important in explaining current attitudes toward immigration in US
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Women and Immigration Men dominate much of labor migration worldwide Men dominate much of labor migration worldwide Diversified labor force in US and policies that facilitate relatives coming Diversified labor force in US and policies that facilitate relatives coming US immigration has been fairly balanced US immigration has been fairly balanced Second-class status of women in society is reflected in immigration Second-class status of women in society is reflected in immigration Women who married immigrants who were not citizens lost their US citizenship – did not apply to men Women who married immigrants who were not citizens lost their US citizenship – did not apply to men
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Immigrant women face additional challenges Immigrant women face additional challenges Responsibility of navigating the new society when it comes to services for their family Responsibility of navigating the new society when it comes to services for their family Males are more consumed with work leaving adult women to navigate bureaucracies Males are more consumed with work leaving adult women to navigate bureaucracies City services, schools, medical facilities, stores, and markets City services, schools, medical facilities, stores, and markets Less likely to seek outside help for medical care or issues of domestic violence Less likely to seek outside help for medical care or issues of domestic violence More likely to be the liaison for the household More likely to be the liaison for the household
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. The Global Economy and Immigration Globalization Globalization The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade, movement of people, and exchange of ideas The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade, movement of people, and exchange of ideas Transnationals Transnationals Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships linking their societies of origin and settlement Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships linking their societies of origin and settlement
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Refugees People living outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution People living outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution Enough exist to populate an entire nation Enough exist to populate an entire nation US makes the largest contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs US makes the largest contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs Resettles 70,000 refugees annually and cumulatively hosted 1 million between 1990 and 2003 Resettles 70,000 refugees annually and cumulatively hosted 1 million between 1990 and 2003
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Despite periodic public opposition, US government is officially committed to accepting refugees from other nations 1968 United Nations treaty on refugees Countries are obliged to refrain from forcibly returning people to territories where their lives or liberty might be endangered Asylees Foreigners who have already entered the US and now seek protection because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion
Questions
What are the functions and dysfunctions of immigration? What are the functions and dysfunctions of immigration?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. What were the social and economic issues when public opinion mounted against Chinese immigration into the United States? What were the social and economic issues when public opinion mounted against Chinese immigration into the United States?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Ultimately, what do you think is the major concern people have about contemporary immigration to the United States, the numbers of immigrants, their legal status, or their nationality? Ultimately, what do you think is the major concern people have about contemporary immigration to the United States, the numbers of immigrants, their legal status, or their nationality?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. What principles appear to guide US refugee policy? What principles appear to guide US refugee policy?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Your Opinion! Your Opinion! Is it right or wrong, post 9/11, to return refugees who may be fleeing their homelands because of war, famine, or religious persecution? Is it right or wrong, post 9/11, to return refugees who may be fleeing their homelands because of war, famine, or religious persecution?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. What challenge does the presence of people in the United States speaking languages other than English present to them? For schools? Workplace? For you? What challenge does the presence of people in the United States speaking languages other than English present to them? For schools? Workplace? For you?