Chapter 11 – Part 1 Non-accelerated Motion Chapter 11.1-11.2 Physical Science Chapter 11 – Part 1 Non-accelerated Motion Chapter 11.1-11.2

Frame of Reference A system of objects that are not moving with respect to one another A reference point or system BASICALLY …. Something unchanging to measure things from Good frames of reference for measuring the motion of a car… The Earth, the road, buildings, trees Bad frames of reference for measuring the motion of a car…. Clouds, other cars on the road, bikers, flying birds

Relative Motion Movement in relation to a frame of reference All Motion is Relative This means… all motion is based on someone’s or something’s perspective Examples School busses Cars on highway LabQuest

Relative Motion Or a more recent example

Measuring Distance Length of a path between two points When an object moves in a straight line, the distance is the length of a line connecting the starting point and the ending point SI Unit – meters Other options- km, mi, cm

Displacement Distance with a direction How much an object is displaced Distance – 5 kilometers Displacement – 5 Kilometers North How much an object is displaced When objects travel in a straight line the magnitude (amount) of the displacement is equal to the distance travelled When an object does not travel in a straight line, distance and displacement will be different

Vectors Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities 3 km + 3 km = 6 km Have magnitude and direction Scalar Quantities Only have magnitude Vector quantities can be represented with arrows of a scaled length Length shows magnitude Arrow shows direction 3 km 3 km 3 km + 3 km = 6 km

Vectors & Scalars Scalars- Have only Magnitude Vectors- Have Magnitude & Direction Scalars- Have only Magnitude Examples Displacement Distance Velocity Speed Acceleration Mass Force Time

Displacement in a straight line 4 km 7 km 4 km + 7 km = 11 km 8 km 5 km 8 km - 5 km = 3 km

Displacement that isn’t on a straight Path Resultant Vector (red) – vector sum of 2 or more vectors 3 km 5 km 2 km Finding Distance Using Scalar Addition 1+1+2+3 = 7 km Finding Displacement using Vector Addition = 5 km NE 1 km 1 km

These two vectors have the same ________________ and opposite ________________.

These two vectors have different ________________ but the same ________________.

These two vectors have the same ________________ AND the same ________________.

average Speed Average Speed is equal to distance divided by time 𝑣 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑑 𝑡 How fast or slow something is going A rate of motion

Instantaneous Speed Speed at a given moment of time What the speedometer on a car reads

Constant Speed When speed is not changing Instantaneous speed is equal to average speed at all times NOT Speeding up or slowing down Only ways to change speed is to speed up or slow down

Average Speed Constant Speed Instantaneous Speed The Average speed over some time Maintaining the same speed all the time Speed of an object at a particular moment in time

Velocity Speed AND direction that an object is moving Vector Quantity + or – sign indicates which direction the velocity is + means North, Up, East, or to the Right - means South, Down, West, or to the left Sometimes multiple velocities can affect an objects motion Sailboat, airplanes These velocities combine with Vector Addition

Speed vs. Velocity Speed – tells how fast something is moving Ex. 100 km/hr Velocity – tells how fast something is moving and its direction Ex. 35 mph North Can an object move with constant speed but have a changing velocity? Can an object move with constant velocity but have a changing speed?

2 ways to change Speed 3 ways to change Velocity Speed Up Slow Down Change Direction

acceleration Acceleration – The rate at which velocity changes Can be described as …. Changes in Speed Changes in Direction OR change in both Speed and Direction Vector Quantity Units are meters per second per second or m/s2

3 Way to Accelerate Speed Up Slow Down Change Direction

Can an object moving with constant speed be accelerating?

Devices in Cars that lead to acceleration

Calculating Acceleration 𝑎= 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = ∆𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑓 − 𝑣 𝑖 𝑡 Divide the change in velocity by total time

Example A car starts from rest and increases its speed to 25 m/s over the course of 10 seconds. What is the car’s acceleration? 𝑎= 𝑣 𝑓 − 𝑣 𝑖 𝑡 𝑣 𝑖 =0 𝑚 𝑠 𝑣 𝑓 =25 𝑚 𝑠 𝑡=10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎= (25 𝑚 𝑠 − 0 𝑚 𝑠 ) 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 =2.5 m 𝑠 2

𝒂= 𝒗 𝒇 − 𝒗 𝒊 𝒕 𝒗 𝒊 =𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒔 𝒗 𝒇 =𝟑𝟐 𝒎 𝒔 𝒕=𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑎= (32 𝑚 𝑠 − 10 𝑚 𝑠 ) 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 =7.33 m 𝑠 2

Graphs of motion Motion can also be depicted very well using graphs Two types of graphs Displacement vs. time (D-t) graphs Velocity vs. time (V-t) graphs Straight,upward line on a V-t graph means constant acceleration Straight,upward line on D-t graph means constant velocity Displacement (m)

D-t graph of constant ‘v’ Displacement increases at regular intervals, so constant velocity Graph below Increases displacement by 5 meters every sec. To find vel. on a disp.- time graph, find Slope

Slope 5 m/s Rise/run=slope= 25/5 = Rise = 25 Run = 5 Tells the rate of increase of the y-value as you move across the x values for any graph Slope = rise / run In other words… how much the graph goes up divided by how much the graph goes across Slope tells us properties of the motion being depicted On a displacement time graph  slope = velocity On a velocity-time graph  slope = acceleration Rise/run=slope= 25/5 = 5 m/s Rise = 25 If you took slope of smaller sections of the graph you would get the same answer since ‘v’ is constant Run = 5

Velocity- Time graphs v v. t graphs may look the same as some D v. t graphs, but the motion they describe can be very different because they deal with velocity, not distance. **The slope, of a Velocity v. Time graph indicates Acceleration**.

Distance-time graph of changing velocity Time (s) Displacement (m) 1 8 2 11 3 18 4 15 5 25 What is v for 0-1 sec.?? What is v for 0-2 sec.?? What is v for 3-5 sec.?? What is v for 0-5 sec. ??

Distance-time graph of constant acceleration Parabola….. If + acc, line keeps getting steeper and steeper d t

Avg. velocity from 0-1 sec. ? 4 m/s Avg. vel. From 3-4 sec? 16.5 Acc. From 2-3 sec? 7 m/s2

Velocity vs. Time graph of constant acceleration Velocity (m/s)

Position –time Graph Slope = rise/run … Rise = Run = Rise/run = 50 5 10 m/s = speed Speed-time graph Slope = rise/run … Rise = 16 Run = 4 Rise/run = 4 m/s = acceleration

Free Fall Acceleration As objects fall toward the Earth they are accelerating at a rate of 9.8 m/s2 downward We can usually round 9.8 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 Objects in free fall will gain 10 m/s of speed for every 1 second it is falling Time (sec) Instantaneous Speed (m/s) Acceleration (m/s2) 10 1 2 20 3 30 4 40

Free Fall Acceleration Object is in free-fall any time it is ONLY under the influence of gravity Including when something is thrown upwards All objects (regardless of mass) fall at the same rate on Earth, when air resistance is ignored Ball thrown upward with initial velocity of +30 m/s Time (sec) Instantaneous Vel. (m/s) Acceleration (m/s2) +30 -10 1 +20 2 +10 3 4 5 -20 6 -30