Chapter 13 – Vertebrate Animals 13.1 Vertebrate Animals w/Endoskeletons 13.2 Amphibians and Reptiles 13.3 Birds 13.4 Mammal’s Environments

13.1 Vertebrates have Endoskeletons Vertebrates = fish, frogs, snakes, birds, dogs, humans, etc.Vertebrates = fish, frogs, snakes, birds, dogs, humans, etc. Vertebrates = animals with backbonesVertebrates = animals with backbones Also have: muscles, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous system w/sensory organsAlso have: muscles, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous system w/sensory organs Endoskeleton = internal support system that grows along with the animalEndoskeleton = internal support system that grows along with the animal –Greater flexibility & more ways to move than an exoskeleton

13.1 Vertebrae Vertebrates are named for specialized bones called vertebrae which are located in the middle of each animal’s central body segment (aka – a backbone or spine)Vertebrates are named for specialized bones called vertebrae which are located in the middle of each animal’s central body segment (aka – a backbone or spine) They support muscles and surround the spinal cord which connects the animal’s brain to its nervesThey support muscles and surround the spinal cord which connects the animal’s brain to its nerves Gills are located inside gill slits; gills filter O2 out of water and release CO2 into waterGills are located inside gill slits; gills filter O2 out of water and release CO2 into water

13.1 Fish Most vertebrates are fish which are the most diverse group.Most vertebrates are fish which are the most diverse group. Over 20,000 species of fish live in all aquatic environments (salt/fresh)Over 20,000 species of fish live in all aquatic environments (salt/fresh) Have adaptations for water (gill slits & gills to breathe; streamlined bodies, etc)Have adaptations for water (gill slits & gills to breathe; streamlined bodies, etc) Fish use muscles to move; have a swim bladder for depth control; lateral line to sense vibrations.Fish use muscles to move; have a swim bladder for depth control; lateral line to sense vibrations. Able to taste, smell, hear, see, etc. underwater.Able to taste, smell, hear, see, etc. underwater.

13.1 Types of FISH 1.Jawless Fish – lampreys, hagfish  Simpler, slender, tubelike shape & digestive system w/o stomach; teeth, but no jaw; can bite, but not chew 2.Cartilaginous Fish – sharks, rays, skates  Skeletons have no hard bone, mostly cartilage (=flexible tissue) 3.Bony Fish – tuna, flounder, eel, etc.  Largest fish group (96%); also have scales (=overlapping bony structures); also - jaws, teeth, fins

13.1 Reproduction & Development Most fish reproduce sexuallyMost fish reproduce sexually In some species females “select” males as matesIn some species females “select” males as mates Female releases eggs; male swims over & releases spermFemale releases eggs; male swims over & releases sperm Eggs are then left to hatch and develop on their own in most species.Eggs are then left to hatch and develop on their own in most species. Most fish eggs are surrounded by a soft case w/yolk inside. Sometimes fish eat eggs/youngMost fish eggs are surrounded by a soft case w/yolk inside. Sometimes fish eat eggs/young Sometimes eggs develop inside the females body & young are born live.Sometimes eggs develop inside the females body & young are born live.

13.2 Amphibians & Reptiles Not on the final-exam!Not on the final-exam!

13.3 Birds Not on the final examNot on the final exam

13.4 Mammals Not on the final examNot on the final exam