Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 Cell Division and Mitosis G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

http://www. bioteach. ubc http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingResources/MolecularBiology/DNAReplication.swf http://www.dnai.org/text/mediashowcase/index2.html?id=584 http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/ http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html

How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants? By making more cells.

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 DNA Why is DNA important? Because DNA stores genetic information and is replicated to pass information from cell-to-cell and generation-to- generation. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell Division Replication Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 Why do cells need to divide? G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Why do cells need to divide? To make new cells (if you are injured or growing) Pass on your genes to next generation (sex)

Which phases are part of mitosis? Cell Cycle Which phases are part of mitosis? Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 Which cycle is the longest? Cell Cycle Interphase G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Interphase occurs before mitosis begins copied Chromosomes are __________ (# doubles) Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy(sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase CELL MEMBRANE Nucleus Cytoplasm

Interphase Plant Cell Animal Cell What happens to the chromosomes during Interphase? The chromosomes double

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis INTERPHASE DNA is replicated. During DNA replication the DNA separates into two strands and produces two new complementary strands. Remember A binds to ___ and C binds to ___. Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 T G G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis INTERPHASE Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 chromatin duplicated chromosome DNA is packed into ______________ after replication. Chromosomes G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis Chromosomes that are duplicated during Interphase are called? Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 INTERPHASE DNA condensed into visible Chromosomes 95% of the time DNA looks like this in the _________. Nucleus G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Prophase 1st step in Mitosis Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) ____________ (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite end of the cell. Spindle fibers form between the poles. Centrioles Centrioles Sister chromatids Spindle fibers

left picture of a Plant cell? Prophase Spindle fibers Centrioles Plant Cell Animal Cell Is the right picture or left picture of a Plant cell?

Metaphase 2nd step in Mitosis Chromatids _____________(or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers. Spindle fibers Centrioles

____________ METAPHASE Plant Cell Animal Cell

Anaphase 3rd step in Mitosis Chromatids ______________(or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers Centrioles

____________ ANAPHASE Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Telophase 4th step in Mitosis nuclei Two new _________form. Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods). Mitosis ends. Nuclei Nuclei Chromatin

TELOPHASE ___________ Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

_____________ occurs after mitosis CYTOKINESIS _____________ occurs after mitosis Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 Cytokinesis Is this an animal or plant cell? In Animal Cells, a Cleavage Furrow Forms and Separates Daughter Cells Cleave furrow in a dividing frog cell. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Which process is pictured below Which process is pictured below? -Cell Division -Mitosis or -Cytokinesis

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 Cytokinesis Is this an animal or plant cell? G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Which phase has chromatids lined up in the middle? Interphase                                                              Prophase                                                              Metaphase                                                              Anaphase                                                              Telophase                                                              Cytokinesis                                                             

IPMATC REMEMBER! Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis A mnemonic to help remember the stages of mitosis. I Pray More At The Church

Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle PROPHASE - PREPARE INTERPHASE - INTERMISSION METAPHASE - MIDDLE CYTOKINESIS - CELLS ANAPHASE - APART TELOPHASE – TWO NUCLEI 30

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell Cycle Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 interphase prophase metaphase Why does the cell cycle precisely divide the duplicated chromosomes into two? To make each new cell identical with a complete set of genetic instructions. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 Mitosis Precisely and Evenly Divides Duplicated Chromosomes Is cytokinesis part of mitosis? No, neither is Interphase. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Genes, Mitosis and Cytokinesis 4/17/2017 Mitosis in Action What is the Blue stuff? DNA G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Cancer Progression There are many different forms of cancer, affecting different cell types and working in different ways. All start out with mutations in specific genes called “oncogenes”. The normal, unmutated versions of the oncogenes provide the control mechanisms for the cell. The mutations are caused by radiation, certain chemicals (carcinogens), and various random events during DNA replication. Once a single cell starts growing uncontrollably, it forms a tumor, a small mass of cells. No further progress can occur unless the cancerous mass gets its own blood supply. “Angiogenesis” is the process of developing a system of small arteries and veins to supply the tumor. Most tumors don’t reach this stage. A tumor with a blood supply will grow into a large mass. Eventually some of the cancer cells will break loose and move through the blood supply to other parts of the body, where they start to multiply. This process is called metastasis. It occurs because the tumor cells lose the proteins on their surface that hold them to other cells.