11/13 & 11/14 Do Now: Answer the following questions in your notebook 1) Describe the ‘stages’ of Stalin’s rise to power: 2) Why did Stalin emerge as leader? 3) Describe the totalitarian state under Stalin

1) Describe the ‘stages’ of Stalin’s rise to power: Stage 1 – Early moves against Trotsky Stage 2 – Defeat of the left (Trotsky, Kamenev & Zinoviev) Stage 3 – Defeat of the Right (Bukharin) 2) Why did Stalin emerge as leader? - Manipulation, Crushing all factions, ruthlessness, cunning, Socialism in one country, cult of personality 3) Describe the totalitarian state under Stalin: - Total control over all aspects of life – agriculture, industry, culture, centralized

Establishment and Consolidation of Stalin’s Rule Overview ◦ Stalin used terror against opponents and used censorship and propaganda ◦ By 1929 Stalin had defeated the left, the United Opposition and the Right Opposition ◦ Yet dissent still existed in the Communist Party ◦ Stalin feared his opponents might work their way back into the party ◦ The Nazis took power in Germany in 1933 and Stalin became concerned that Red Army generals might try to remove him from power

Stalin insecurities in 1930 Purge – Russian Communist Part initially referred to checking the personal qualities and behavior of party members (drunkenness, political inactivity Such purges of cleansing those found guilty had their party cards taken away Violence was not involved and former members were later allowed to rejoin if behavior improved Such purges took place in 1919, 1921, 1929, & 1933

The Ryutin Affair, Martemyan Ryutin a rightist wrote a document called for the end of forced collectivization, the rehabilitaion of oppositionists (Trotsky), & dismissal of Stalin Signed by several prominent communist Members including Ryutin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 17 others were put on trial Stalin wanted Ryutin executed Politburo would not go that far demonstrating Stalin did not have complete control

17 th Party Congress 1934 Opposition to Stalin continued after the Ryutin Affair Sergei Kirov – was elected to the Politburo in 1930 & was asked to replace Stalin by some leading communist officials Congress had abolished the post of General Secretary = Stalin no more important than Kirov Stalin may have desired this to share responsibility of economic crisis with other secretaries of the Communist Party Kirov was assassinated in 1934

The Kirov Affair Kirov doubted Stalin industrialization plans and methods of discipline for the party Stalin claimed that Kirov assassination was a plot to overthrow him and rule of Communist Party In the weeks following the assassination over 100 party members were shot and thousands of Trotskyists and Zinovievists were arrested including Kamenev & Ziniviev They would be tried and imprisoned for five to ten years

The Great Purge A new purge began in summer of 1936 led to the first ‘show trial’ – communist accused of plotting against Stalin & Soviet Union – interrogation methods included sleep deprivation, continued questioning, & beating

The ‘Trials’ NKVD – took over the secret police Trial of Sixteen – August 1936 ◦ Zinoviev, Kamenev & 14 others were accused of conspiracy to kill Stalin = all 16 executed Trial of Seventeen – January 1937 ◦ 17 communist leaders accused of plotting with Trotsky to carry out assassinations = 13 sentenced to death Trial of Twenty-one – March 1938 ◦ Focused on Bukharin and 20 others = Bukharin & 16 others shot

Great Terror The Purge had transformed into the Great Terror He targeted members of his cabinet and government, soldiers, clergy, intellectuals, or anyone else he deemed suspect. The Great Terror eliminated many key figures in government. Widespread paranoia reigned & citizens were encourages to turn each other in Thinning Out Military Leadership ◦ The military was particularly decimated by the Great Terror since Stalin perceived a military coup as the greatest threat. The Purge contributed anywhere from 2 – 20 million deaths

How can the Great Purge & Terror be explained Totalitarian Theory ◦ Based on his position of dictator of Soviet Union was established by the time the Great Purge ended ◦ Stalin’s determination to remain leader Revisionist Theory ◦ Genuine opposition posed a potential threat to Stalin ◦ Historian John Arch Getty suggested that Troyskyist – Zinovievist plot of assassination were based on fact

Cult of Personality Stalin portrayed as ‘father of the nation’ Had saved the Soviet Union from its enemies Expert in science & culture Posters, paintings, and statues appeared everywhere Media referred to him as a ‘Universal Genius’ Artists, writers, & film directors were ordered to produce work in praise of Stalin and his achievements Children targeted with propaganda in schools

Stalin Consolidates His Power Group Assignment You should have your RESEARCH done before you came to class Today you should be organizing your PowerPoint PowerPoint due ed to Mr. Farley: ◦ 2B – Sunday Night (Midnight) ◦ 4B – Sunday Night (Midnight) ◦ 3A – Monday Night (Midnight) ◦ QUIZ NEXT CLASS!!!!!