The Roaring 20’s An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict

Normalcy Renewed isolationism Renewed isolationism Nativism Nativism Political conservatism Political conservatism

1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age" 1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age" in sum, a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this time in sum, a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this time for first time the census reflected an urban society - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of living for first time the census reflected an urban society - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of living

Age of Prosperity Economic Economic expansion Mass Mass Production Assembly Assembly Line Age Age of the Automobile Ailing Ailing Agriculture…

an agri. depression in early 1920's contributed to this urban migration an agri. depression in early 1920's contributed to this urban migration U.S. farmers lost agri. markets in postwar Europe U.S. farmers lost agri. markets in postwar Europe at same time agri. efficiency increased so more food produced (more food = lower prices) and fewer labourers needed at same time agri. efficiency increased so more food produced (more food = lower prices) and fewer labourers needed so farming was no longer as prosperous, and bankers called in their loans (farms repossessed) so farming was no longer as prosperous, and bankers called in their loans (farms repossessed) so American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society so American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society

Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop white landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land white landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land

Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry (= Great Migration) - Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry (= Great Migration) - Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourished within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourished But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted

Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association believed in Black pride believed in Black pride advocated racial segregation b/c of Black superiority advocated racial segregation b/c of Black superiority Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa he purchased a ship to start the Black Star line he purchased a ship to start the Black Star line attracted many investments: gov't charged him with w/fraud attracted many investments: gov't charged him with w/fraud he was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist he was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist

Republican Power President Harding President Harding Elected 1920 Elected 1920 Washington Naval Conference Washington Naval Conference Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact Legacy of Scandals Legacy of Scandals Died in office Died in office

Tea Pot Dome Scandal Harding Administration Harding Administration Sec of Interior Albert Fall: managed oil reserves Sec of Interior Albert Fall: managed oil reserves Leased land to private oil companies Leased land to private oil companies Harding didn’t know how to stop corruption Harding didn’t know how to stop corruption Ohio Gang Ohio Gang

President Coolidge “The business of America is business.” Fordney- McCumber Tariff Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930s) No help for farmers Foreign Policy

Consumer Economy

Culture of the Roaring 20’s Radio KDKA Pittsburgh GE, Westinghouse,& RCA form NBC Silent Movies Charlie Chaplin “Talkies” The Jazz Singer Starring Al Jolson Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart”

Celebrities Babe Ruth & Ty Cobb Jack Dempsey Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis

The 20’s is The Jazz Age The 20’s is The Jazz Age The Flappers make up cigarettes short skirts Double standard Musicians Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Writers F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway

1920's also brought about great changes for women 's also brought about great changes for women th Amendment gave them the federal vote th Amendment gave them the federal vote after 1920, social circumstances changed too as more women worked outside the home after 1920, social circumstances changed too as more women worked outside the home and more women went to college and clamoured to join the professions and more women went to college and clamoured to join the professions women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman" characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman" –(bobbed hair, short dresses, smoked in public...)

A Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant Anti-immigrant –Quota System –Discrimination Sacco-Vanzetti Trial –Italian immigrants –Unfair trial

for immigrants – the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic for immigrants – the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant values N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant values this fear was known as NATIVISM this fear was known as NATIVISM many wanted Congress to restrict immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of Europe many wanted Congress to restrict immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of Europe fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.) fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.) basic comm. advocates a int'l revolution by the proletariat/workers - fears that this ideology could find its way into the U.S. basic comm. advocates a int'l revolution by the proletariat/workers - fears that this ideology could find its way into the U.S.

at this time, W. Wilson was gravely ill following a stroke at this time, W. Wilson was gravely ill following a stroke his Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, wanted to take a shot at the presidency - he used fears of both immigrants and communism to his advantage his Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, wanted to take a shot at the presidency - he used fears of both immigrants and communism to his advantage he had J. Edgar Hoover round up suspected radicals, many of which were deported (Palmer Raids) he had J. Edgar Hoover round up suspected radicals, many of which were deported (Palmer Raids)

The Ku Klux Klan Great increase In power Anti-black Anti-immigrant Anti-women’s suffrage Anti-bootleggers Anti-Semitic Anti-Catholic

Scopes “Monkey” Trial Evolution vs. Creationism Dayton, Tennessee Famous Lawyers Science vs. Religion John Scopes High School Biology teacher

Prohibition 18 th Amendment Volstead Act Gangsters Al Capone

PROHIBITION - on manuf. and sale of alcohol PROHIBITION - on manuf. and sale of alcohol adopted in th AMENDMENT adopted in th AMENDMENT an outgrowth of the longtime temperance movement an outgrowth of the longtime temperance movement in WWI, temperance became a patriotic mvmt. - drunkenness caused low productivity & inefficiency, and alcohol needed to treat the wounded in WWI, temperance became a patriotic mvmt. - drunkenness caused low productivity & inefficiency, and alcohol needed to treat the wounded a difficult law to enforce... organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the rise a difficult law to enforce... organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the rise Al Capone virtually controlled Chicago in this period - capitalism at its zenith… Al Capone virtually controlled Chicago in this period - capitalism at its zenith… Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ the 21st Amendment Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ the 21st Amendment forced organized crime to pursue other interests… forced organized crime to pursue other interests…

Labor Unrest Boston Police Strike Boston Police Strike Steel Mill Strike Steel Mill Strike Coal Miners Strike Coal Miners Strike