Leadership  Leadership versus Management leader? manager?

Leadership  Definition: "Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential.“  Warren Bennis, Ph.D., is University Professor and Distinguished Professor of Business Administration at the University of Southern California "Leadership is the process of persuasion and example by which an individual (or leadership team) induces a group to take action that is in accord with the leader's purpose, or the shared purposes of all."  -John W. Gardner, US administrator; Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare

Operational versus Strategic Leadership  Strategic planning for the organization's long range development formulating a strategic vision managing the corporate culture  Operational process of influencing members of an organization to achieve established long term and short term goals on a day-to-day basis.

Leadership  THEORY X Human beings have an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if they can. The only way to get people to work is to control and threaten them. People dislike responsibility

Leadership  Theory Y Work is as natural as rest or play. If a job is satisfying then it leads to commitment to the organization And good performance. Under the proper circumstances people accept and seek responsibility.  Theory X managers elicit theory x behavior because of the way they treat employees.

Leadership  Flamholtz Leadership Effectiveness Effective leadership depends on using a leadership style that is appropriate to the situation.  Factors:  1. The leader’s evaluation of the WORK to be done  2. The leader’s evaluation of the PEOPLE doing the work  3. The leader’s balance between emphasis on Work and emphasis on People

Flamholtz Leadership Effectiveness  Factors: Evaluation of the Work to be done How complex are the tasks? How much analysis is required in each situation? How well defined / structured are the tasks? How predictable are the conditions that may occur? Low Structure/ Low Predictability High Structure/ High Predictability CLERICAL TECHNICALMANAGERIAL

Flamholtz Leadership Effectiveness  Factors: Evaluation of the People doing the work Level of job autonomy (ability to do the work correctly without close supervision) Depends on:  Experience and background  Training and education  Motivation

Flamholtz Leadership Effectiveness  Effective leadership depends on using a leadership style that is appropriate to the situation. Factors: Balance between  concern for Work and  concern for People

Flamholtz Leadership Effectiveness  Leadership Styles  Directive (Leader makes the decision alone) AutocraticDeclares what is to be done without explanation BenevolentDeclares what is to be done with explanation  Interactive (Leader makes the decision with input from others ConsultativeGets opinions before making decision ParticipativeDiscusses alternatives with others before making decision  Non-directive (Leader defines the goal and leaves implementation choices to others) ConsensusThe leader and subordinates have equal voice in making decisions Laissez-FaireThe leader delegates the decision making authority.