Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms Four-Layer Sand Channel Model Midpoint (m)

Interferometric Seismic Imaging J. Yu, J. Sheng, and G. Schuster

Claerbout, Katz, 70’s xx Earthquake 1900’s xx Utah+LLNL 1997 Migrate Claerbout, Rickett 1999 xyxyxyxy xyxyxyxyMigrate Arbitrary Unknown Src V(z) V(x,y,z) W(t) Location W(t) Location NOYESYESYES NO YESYESYES YES/NO YESNO? NOYESYES YESNO YES YES YES SELECTIVE HISTORY PASSIVE IMAGING Validity

Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Transmission PS Migration Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

Interference Pattern Optical Lens LASER t

Interference Pattern Optical Lens ss t LASER Lens Deformation Time Differences

Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

Seismic Ghost Reflection Direct Ghost ? Find R(x,z) but not know source location

Direct Ghost 12Directx Directx Master Seismic Ghost Reflection Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces t }M m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers

Geological Model 0 Depth (m) 3 40 X (m) V1 V2 V4 V3 V5 V6

Shot Gather and Crosscorrelogram Time (s) Time (s) Traces CSG 10 and Master trace at 80 Traces

Crosscorrelogram Migration Results Time (s) X (km) X (km) With primaryWithout primary

Source Geophone Bit Position? Problems in RVSPWD Pilot signal? Wavelet ?

Well Drill bit Receiver Primary Direct Wave Ghost What is Joint Migration

Acquisition Survey East (kft) North (kft) Well Rig 3C Receivers Drill bit 10 Depth (kft) 0

Autocorrelograms of CSG Time (s) s 12 s16 s

Acquisition Survey Map Well Rig 3C Receivers Drill bit East (ft) North (ft) C Line AC4

Time (s) SP Drilling hole Joint Migration ( insert) and CDP Section

Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

Primary Ghost 12 Free-Surface Multiple

Primary Ghost 12 x PrimaryxPrimary Seismic Interferogram: Correlate Traces Caution: Ghostx Primary = R 3 t } m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers

SEG/EAGE Salt Model Depth (m) Distance (m) 320 shots 176 traces per shot

Kirchhoff Image Depth (m) Distance (m)

XcorM Depth (m) Distance (m)

Depth (m) Distance (m) KMXcorM

Kirchhoff Image Depth (m) Distance (m)

Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

Hydro-Fracturing=Unknown Source ? P P P P x12?

P S P P MasterP*P P*P x12 Hydro-Fracturing=Unknown Source t } m(x) = (g, t - t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Difference between Paths

m 70 Ringy 30 Hz Seismograms Time (s) m Kirchhoff Migration Image Correlogram Migration Image Midpoint (m)

Migration Image: 1-s Stack Migration Image: 40-s Stack m 70 Raw Seismograms Time (s) m 0 Migration Image: 40-s Stack Migration Image: 1-s Stack

Outline Passive data for IVSP while Drilling Imaging of Free Surface CDP Multiples Imaging of Hydo-Frac Location Transmission PS Migration Interferometric Principle: Interferometric Principle: Time Diff. between Arrivals Structure Diff. Interferometric Imaging Applications: Interferometric Imaging Applications:

Seismic P and PS Transmission S P P S ? Find R(x,z)

S P P S MasterS*S P*S Seismic P and PS Transmission P and PS Transmission Interferograms P and PS Transmission Interferograms x12 t } m(x) = (g, t - t ) gx g MxMxMxMx M Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Kirchhoff Migrate psuedo-shot gathers Difference between Paths

0 km 200 km 0 s 1.6 s

2. Possible Applications: Horizontal Drill Bit Imaging, CDP Mult. Reservoir Monitoring, Mars/Sun Seismology 2 3. Limitations: 3. Limitations: Virtual Multiples Reflectivity Imaging > Source Imaging N Traces N Correlograms Coherent Noise Summary m(x) = (g, t + t ) g gx MxMxMxMx M 1. New Passive Seismic Imaging Capability: Valid for V(x,y,z) Arbitrary Sources Src & R Images Poststack & Prestack

Acknowledgements Thanks for support of UTAM sponsors. Thank J. Rickett and J. Claerbout for fruitful discussions. fruitful discussions.

Reduced-Time Migration Shift Traces by R1 Traveltime R1 Traveltime R1 R2 Mitigate Src-Rec Statics m(x)= d(x, t + t - t ) sxgxred.

Interference Pattern Phase Difference Phase of Rays with Common Path Cancels We only “see” Phase Difference

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Summary Summary

Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms Four-Layer Sand Channel Model Midpoint (m)

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging CDP Multiple Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Synthetic Data Results Synthetic Data Results Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging Source Imaging & Transmission PS Imaging

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

? Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? PS Transmission Migration Migration PS ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

? Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection ImagingIVSPWD ? ?

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? ? Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR Locating Hydro-Fractures in EOR

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences F.S. CDP Multiples ? IVSPWD ? Hydro-Frac ? PS Transmission Migration MigrationPS ? ? ? ? ? ? PS Transmission Migration PS Transmission Migration

Crosscorrelogram R*G Migration 1. Construct M pseudo-shot gathers (g, t ) M m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g MxMxMxMxgx M 2. Migrate psuedo-shot gathers by sum M, g M shifted time shifted time R G R*R R*G

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase DifferencesIVSPWD ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

Outline Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Interferometric Principle: Phase Differences Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging Passive Seismic Data: Ghost Reflection Imaging F.S. CDP Multiples IVSPWD ? ? ? ? ? F.S. CDP Multiple Migration F.S. CDP Multiple Migration

Direct Ghost Specular Ray Ray Master DG

Ghost Direct D*D D*G

Crosscorrelogram R*G Migration 1. Construct N pseudo-shot gathers (g, t ) N m(x) = (g, t + t ) gx g NxNxNxNxgx N 2. Migrate psuedo-shot gathers by sum N, g N shifted time shifted time MP

Midpoint (m) Depth (m) Raw Seismograms Time (s) 4-Layer Model

Midpoint (m) Depth (m) Raw Seismograms Time (s) R G 4-Layer Model

Midpoint (m) Depth (m) Raw Seismograms Time (s) Correlogram Migration Image Others Imaged Incorrectly Ghosts Imaged Correctly

Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms Four-Layer Sand Channel Model Midpoint (m)

Depth (m) Time (s) Raw Seismograms Migration Image: 1-s Stack Midpoint (m)

Midpoint (m) Depth (m) Raw Seismograms Time (s) Migration Image: 50 1-s Stacks