1 Chameleon: Adaptive Peer-to-Peer Streaming with Network Coding Anh Tuan Nguyen, Baochun Li, and Frank Eliassen Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway IEEE INFOCOM 2010

2 Outlines Introduction Chameleon: Adaptive P2P Streaming with Network Coding Performance Evaluation Conclusion

3 Introduction Current P2P streaming systems PPLive, PPStream, TvAnt, SopCast, TVUPlayer… Their limitations Provide the same Quality of Service to all their customers regardless of network conditions end-device’s characteristics user preferences

4 Introduction ▪ Approach: Scalable Video Coding + P2P networking ▪ An original SVC stream can be filtered to produce video of different qualities, spatial resolution, and frame rates Source: -> adaptability -> expressiveness

5 Introduction Motivations for using network coding peer coordination Peer coordination is critical to the system performance because it controls the collaboration of sending peers to utilize available bandwidth from each sender to maximize the delivered quality at the receiving peer. quality adaptation The purpose of quality adaptation is to avoid playback skips and to maximize the video quality when bandwidth variations occur. Exploiting Network Coding coding at intermediate nodes in the overlay networks all pieces of information are treated equally; every packet encoded by a peer is innovative to others Benefits  reduce delivery time among peers  increase the potential for peer collaboration  make the system more resilient to peer dynamics and bandwidth variations

6 Introduction Combining network coding with SVC SVC prioritizes video data to provide different quality levels by allowing the extraction of substreams. Network coding makes data packets equally important to ease the data delivery, and the original data is only recovered when enough linearly independent blocks are received. With network coding, a peer only needs to check if it has received a sufficient number of linearly independent coded blocks, without being concerned with who has been sending them. Since coded blocks are equally useful to the receiver, the responsibilities of a particular sender can be easily transferred to other senders if it leaves the system.

7 Layered Video Single layer Video All peers receive the same video quality PPStream, PPLive, CoolStreaming Layered video A video is encoded into several layers More layers introduce better video quality Nested dependence between layers A higher layer can be decoded only if all the lower layers are available Higher upload contribution results in better received video quality 7

8 Multiple Description Coding (MDC) Video encoding/decoding technology Video content is encoded into several descriptions Each description can be decoded independently Even receiver only receives one description, the video is displayed with low quality The more descriptions received, the better video quality Compatible for transmitting video streaming in the Internet encoding MDC Video content decoding MDC # of description Videoquality 8

9 Scalable Video Coding (SVC) SVC is an extension to the H.264/MPEG4-AVC video coding standard. To extend the wide range of: Temporal Scalability. Spatial Scalability. Quality Scalability. An SVC bit-stream consists of a base layer and several enhancement layers. The base layer is a plain H.264/MPEG4-AVC bit-stream for backward compatibility.

10 Scalable Video Coding (SVC) Spatial decimation Temporal scalable coding Prediction Base layer coding SNR scalable coding Scalable bit-stream Base Layer Enhancement Layer

11 Fig. 1. An example of the SVC structure. (a) An AU consisting of 4 LRs. (b) A GOP consisting of 8 pictures (AUs) and coded with hierarchical B-pictures. The symbols Tk specify the temporal layers with k representing the corresponding T_ID. The numbers below specify the coding order. (c) A coded video sequence. LR (Layer Representation) An Access Unit (AU) consists of all LRs that represent an original picture. IDR (Instantaneous Decoding Refresh)

12 Fig. 2. The store order of the entities in the video file.

13 Fig. 3. An example of the segmentation method where the stream has 3 quality levels and is divided into segments of 2 GOPs. The symbols QL(quality level) k specify Q_ID = k. A segmentation method to use SVC in P2P

14 Fig. 4. An example of the combination of network coding and SVC. Packet 1, 2, and 3 are divided into n, m, and k blocks, respectively. Network coding with different number of unknowns (n, m, and k) is used for different quality levels.

15 Chameleon: Adaptive P2P Streaming with NC and SVC The primary design goal of Chameleon is to effectively utilize available bandwidth capacity of each peer to maximize delivered quality under bandwidth variations. A streaming protocol designed to incorporate NC with SVC. Adapts to network fluctuations Offers low skip rates and high quality satisfaction

16 Architecture -Invoked when peer joins or when peer wants to improve quality level (periodically) -Forms/maintains the overlay. -Invoked when the status of the playback buffer changes - adds/keeps/drops quality level -Selects potential senders to send layer requests -Sends request to selected senders

17 Class-based Vs. Quality-based Neighbor Selection Peers are classified into classes based on their bandwidth capacity A peer connects to other peers in the following priority Peers of the same class Peers of higher classes Peer of lower classes If more peers than needed, choose randomly Each peer calculates the average quality level it has perceived so far. When a peer selects a neighbor, it will choose the peer whose average quality level is closest to it class. If more peers than needed, choose randomly.

18 Quality Adaptation The status of the playback buffer with two thresholds add_threshold drop_threshold Ex: we set drop_threshold = 6, and add_threshold =drop_threshold+δ, δ=2,..., 12. Fig. 7. The playback buffer in Chameleon: The dark shade indicates the receiving status of each segment.

19 Adaptation Graph (1): playback skip (2): buffering effect Aurora Workshop, Oslo Fig. 9. An example of the playback graph of a typical peer.

20 Quality Adaptation

21 Sender Selection Random-based Vs. Heuristic-based selection Closest available bandwidth capacity (maximize available bandwidth capacity utilization) Smallest number of available layers (maximize available layer utilization)

22 Peer Coordination Receiver-driven approach Each receiver: sends requests for the lowest unavailable layer to all senders. progressively decodes arrived blocks when having received enough linearly independent blocks, sends a stop notification (via buffer maps) to the senders, finishes the decoding process Each sender: on receiving a request, performs network coding on available blocks of the requested layer, and sends newly coded blocks to the requesting peers automatically and continuously as soon as possible on receiving a stop notification, stops sending

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25 Performance Evaluation Environment JSVM Software, Version 9.17 generate a real two- hour video sequence 4 quality levels (average bit rate)  level 1: 620 Kbps  level 2: 825 Kbps  level 3: 945 Kbps  level 4: 1065 Kbps

26 Performance Evaluation Performance metrics Playback skip rate: the percentage of segments skipped during playback. Average quality satisfaction: the average quality satisfaction of the system.

27 Performance Evaluation Vary the number of peers from 70 to 700. Peers join the network randomly, and stay connected until the session ends. Chameleon achieves very low skip rates. The quality satisfaction of Chameleon is always greater than 90%. Fig. 11. The performance of Chameleon and FABALAM in different network sizes.

28 Performance Evaluation Peer Dynamics use the Weibull distribution — Weibull(k, 2) With a two-hour streaming session, we use 3 different values of k = 2000, 4000, and 6000 to generate different mean lifetimes. The network size is 350. Fig. 12. The effects of peer dynamics on Chameleon.

29 Performance Evaluation Chameleon can adapt to peer dynamics well to achieve stable performance, whereas the performance of FABALAM is much impacted by peer dynamics.

30 Conclusion We present the design and the performance evaluation of Chameleon, our new adaptive P2P streaming protocol that combines the advantages of network coding and SVC. With Chameleon, we demonstrate that the combination of network coding and SVC is feasible and beneficial.

31 References [1] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand, “Overview of the Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1103–1120, Sep [2] M. Wien, H. Schwarz, and T. Oelbaum, “Performance Analysis of SVC,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1194–1203, Sep [3] T. Oelbaum, H. Schwarz, M. Wien, and T. Wiegand, “Subjective Performance Evaluation of the SVC Extension of H.264/AVC,” in Proc. of 15th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Oct. 2008, pp. 2772–2775. [5] M. Wang and B. Li, “R2: Random Push with Random Network Coding in Live Peer-to- Peer Streaming,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1655–1666, Dec [6] Y. Cui and K. Nahrstedt, “Layered peer-to-peer streaming,” in Proc. of NOSSDAV, Jun. 2003, pp. 162–171. [7] Y. Liu, W. Dou, and Z. Liu, “Layer Allocation Algorithms in Layered Peer-to-Peer Streaming,” in Proc. of IFIP international conference on network and parallel computing (NPC), Oct. 2004, pp. 167–174. [FABALAM] [8] R. Rejaie and A. Ortega, “PALS: Peer-to-Peer Adaptive Layered Streaming,” in Proc. of NOSSDAV, Monterey, CA, USA, jun 2003, pp. 153–161. Anh Tuan Nguyen, Baochun Li, Frank Eliassen. “Quality- and Context-aware Neighbor Selection for Layered Peer-to-Peer Streaming,” in the Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications 2010 (IEEE ICC 2010), Cape Town, South Africa, May , 2010.