1 The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening

2 John Locke One of the great philosophers of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. One of the great philosophers of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. An Oxford scholar, medical researcher and physician, political operative, economist and ideologue An Oxford scholar, medical researcher and physician, political operative, economist and ideologue According to Locke, we can know with certainty that God exists. According to Locke, we can know with certainty that God exists. We can also know about morality with the same precision we know about mathematics, because we are the creators of moral and political ideas. We can also know about morality with the same precision we know about mathematics, because we are the creators of moral and political ideas. He gives us the theory of natural law and natural rights which he uses to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate civil governments. He gives us the theory of natural law and natural rights which he uses to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate civil governments.

3 Upper Classes In the eighteenth-century, an American upper class had emerged and had begun to mimic their counterparts in England. In the eighteenth-century, an American upper class had emerged and had begun to mimic their counterparts in England. This new socio-political elite was built largely on the growing trans-Atlantic commerce. This new socio-political elite was built largely on the growing trans-Atlantic commerce. During this same period, however, ordinary Americans made increased demands for “English liberties” in the face of aristocratic privilege and power. During this same period, however, ordinary Americans made increased demands for “English liberties” in the face of aristocratic privilege and power. In 1705, Governor Joseph Dudley personified the reason many common Americans challenged established authority.

4 Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was the most famous and influential of America’s revivalist theologians. Jonathan Edwards was the most famous and influential of America’s revivalist theologians. Expressive of two ideas: Expressive of two ideas: the ultimate power and majesty of God the ultimate power and majesty of God God’s amazing holiness. God’s amazing holiness. Edwards synthesized traditional Protestantism with Newton’s physics, Locke’s psychology, Shaftsbury's aesthetics, and Malebranche’s moral philosophy. Edwards synthesized traditional Protestantism with Newton’s physics, Locke’s psychology, Shaftsbury's aesthetics, and Malebranche’s moral philosophy. He led the fervid religious revivalist movement that was dubbed “the Great Awakening.” He led the fervid religious revivalist movement that was dubbed “the Great Awakening.”

5 The Great Awakening Started among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Started among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. It was a reaction against the formality of the established congregational churches. It was a reaction against the formality of the established congregational churches. It led to the founding of a number of academies and colleges. It led to the founding of a number of academies and colleges. It was the first common experience shared by large numbers of Americans and fostered the development of the American identity. It was the first common experience shared by large numbers of Americans and fostered the development of the American identity. The movement also led to a fissure within American Protestantism between traditionalists who insisted on ritual and doctrine and the new revivalists who stressed an intensely passionate commitment to religion. The movement also led to a fissure within American Protestantism between traditionalists who insisted on ritual and doctrine and the new revivalists who stressed an intensely passionate commitment to religion.

6 Benjamin Franklin Franklin's "" was one of the first serious studies of demography. Franklin's "" was one of the first serious studies of demography. Franklin held to a belief that no man in America needed to long remain a laborer for others. Franklin held to a belief that no man in America needed to long remain a laborer for others. Despite the doubling of the population in every twenty years or so, America remained a land of opportunity, where wages remained high and even slaves were expensive. Despite the doubling of the population in every twenty years or so, America remained a land of opportunity, where wages remained high and even slaves were expensive. Franklin's essay uses sophisticated use of social science data to convince the British ministry to alter its colonial policies. Franklin's essay uses sophisticated use of social science data to convince the British ministry to alter its colonial policies. Franklin also pleads that America be maintained as an entirely Anglo-Saxon society. Franklin also pleads that America be maintained as an entirely Anglo-Saxon society.

7 Scientific Inquiry The Scientific Revolution led to a fundamental shift in Western thought and drastically altered previous views of the universe. The Scientific Revolution led to a fundamental shift in Western thought and drastically altered previous views of the universe. A modern scientific world-view emerged as a popular among the educated in the Western world. A modern scientific world-view emerged as a popular among the educated in the Western world. Benjamin Franklin was deeply interested in scientific inquiry. Benjamin Franklin was deeply interested in scientific inquiry. He invented the lightning rod, the glass harmonica, the Franklin stove, and bifocal glasses. He invented the lightning rod, the glass harmonica, the Franklin stove, and bifocal glasses. Franklin established the American Philosophical Society to foster scientific discovery and the dissemination of ideas. Franklin established the American Philosophical Society to foster scientific discovery and the dissemination of ideas.

8 Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was a Prussian scholar who left a lasting impact on the Romantic and Idealist philosophies of the 19th Century. Immanuel Kant was a Prussian scholar who left a lasting impact on the Romantic and Idealist philosophies of the 19th Century. Kant asserted that human beings have innate properties within their minds in order to make sense of the raw data delivered by the senses. Kant asserted that human beings have innate properties within their minds in order to make sense of the raw data delivered by the senses. Kant published his most important work in 1781, “the Critique of Pure Reason,” one of the most important books in the history of Western philosophy. Kant published his most important work in 1781, “the Critique of Pure Reason,” one of the most important books in the history of Western philosophy.

9 Adam Smith Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher. Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher. He was the leading pioneer in the science of political economics and the major influence on the development of a theory of capitalism. He was the leading pioneer in the science of political economics and the major influence on the development of a theory of capitalism. Smith was passionate about liberty, reason and free speech. Smith was passionate about liberty, reason and free speech. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) was unquestionably Smith’s most lasting contribution to western thought and the Enlightenment. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) was unquestionably Smith’s most lasting contribution to western thought and the Enlightenment.

10 The Wealth of Nations Thoroughly examined the development of European industry and commerce. Thoroughly examined the development of European industry and commerce. Adam Smith made a convincing attack on the doctrine of mercantilism. Adam Smith made a convincing attack on the doctrine of mercantilism. Smith argued that expanding trade and opening new markets for a nation’s surplus goods would actually produce more wealth and economic success than mercantilist practices. Smith argued that expanding trade and opening new markets for a nation’s surplus goods would actually produce more wealth and economic success than mercantilist practices. Smith insisted that labor was most important and that the division of labor would greatly increase both efficiency and production. Smith insisted that labor was most important and that the division of labor would greatly increase both efficiency and production. His “invisible hand” theory stated that the basic market-mechanisms of supply and demand regulate the economy and that government interference was detrimental to economic success. His “invisible hand” theory stated that the basic market-mechanisms of supply and demand regulate the economy and that government interference was detrimental to economic success.

11 Thomas Paine Thomas Paine was a revolutionary, radical intellectual, and deist. Thomas Paine was a revolutionary, radical intellectual, and deist. Paine’s works drastically changed the political and social climate of the 18th century. Paine’s works drastically changed the political and social climate of the 18th century. During the Revolution, Paine joined the Continental Army. During the Revolution, Paine joined the Continental Army. In response to English criticism of the French Revolution, Paine wrote “The Rights of Man” ( ). In response to English criticism of the French Revolution, Paine wrote “The Rights of Man” ( ). Paine was the most successful pamphleteer of the Enlightenment. Paine was the most successful pamphleteer of the Enlightenment.

12 Common Sense Paine’s pamphlet “Common Sense” was the most influential to American politics. Paine’s pamphlet “Common Sense” was the most influential to American politics. It sold 150,000 copies in the first year of its publication. It sold 150,000 copies in the first year of its publication. It demanded total separation from Britain and establishment of a strong federal union. It demanded total separation from Britain and establishment of a strong federal union. It was a powerful attack on the idea of monarchy and hereditary privilege. It was a powerful attack on the idea of monarchy and hereditary privilege. “Common Sense” convinced many colonists, including George Washington and John Adams, support the independence movement and join the revolution. “Common Sense” convinced many colonists, including George Washington and John Adams, support the independence movement and join the revolution.

13 Media Citations Slide 2: Slide 2: Slide 3: pg Slide 3: pg pg pg Slide 4: Slide 4: Slide 5: /whitfield.jpg Slide 5: /whitfield.jpg /whitfield.jpg /whitfield.jpg Slide 6: Slide 6: Slide 7: Slide 7: Slide 8: Slide 8: Slide 9: Slide 9: Slide 10: Slide 10: Slide 11: Slide 11: Slide 12: Slide 12: