Geographical Data Modeling UML and Data Modeling Elements Examples from the Marine Data Model and ArcHydro (Thanks to Dawn Wright) Longley et al., ch. 8

Models for GIS representation of reality --> model GIS itself is based on a model of complexity and used to model complexity Not a full representation of reality: even at 1:1 data model = limited representation of reality a discretization or partitioning of space finite, discrete nature of computing devices

Data Model Representation of information about a form or a process E.g. a weather map with isotherms FIELD … “grid” OBJECT … “isoline” A good model allows us to infer process FIELD or OBJECT … “geo-relational”

3 Data Models geo-relational coverage (object view; from classic ArcInfo polys) geo-relational shapefile (object view; from ArcView) geodatabase (object-oriented; new in ArcGIS 8,9 etc.)

Object Oriented GIS (p. 191) Object: a self-contained package of information describing an entity Collection of objects – class Objects can have behavior – encapsulation Inheritance – reusable objects Polymorphism-objects can have their own implementation for application-e.g. create, draw, delete

A B command line interface Unix, NT, Windows ArcView as interface Georelational Data Model:“Classic” ArcInfo and ArcView

ArcInfo Coverage as a Data Structure Image courtesy of Louisville/Jefferson County Information Consortium, Kentucky

Data Structure Not tied to process at all Concerned simply with what can be computed and what can’t Way in which the data model is represented in the GIS DEM for grid or layer model (e.g. array) contour for isoline model TIN for Delaunay triangulation model coverages, shapefiles for geo-relational geodatabase for OO geodatabase

ArcGIS 9 Icons yellow coverage gray geodatabase green shapefile

Geodatabase Features and attributes as objects Relationships among features encoded Validation or editing rules, behaviors “Container” for Vector, raster, tabular data Relationships Topology MS-Office

Relationships for a feature

ArcGIS Data Models support.esri.com/datamodels.cfm

ArcMarine dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis

Data Modeling for Spatial Analysis What is spatial analysis? "a set of methods whose results change when the locations of the objects being analyzed change" Methods for working with spatial data to detect patterns, anomalies to find answers to questions to test or confirm theories deductive reasoning-general to specific to generate new theories and generalizations inductive reasoning-specific to general

What is Spatial Analysis (cont.) Methods for adding value to data in doing scientific research in trying to convince others A collaboration between human and machine How do we set up the framework for spatial analysis? Data model to data structure

A Georelational to a Geodatabase Model Coverage and shapefile data structures homogenous collections of points, lines, and polygons with generic, 1- and 2-dimensional "behavior" as operations Can’t distinguish behaviors Point for a marker buoy, same as point for observation “smart features” in a geodatabase lighthouse must be on land, marine mammal siting must be in ocean Objects can “self-police”

Basic template for implementing GIS projects input, formatting, geoprocessing, creating maps, performing analyses Basic framework for writing program code and maintaining applications development of tools for the community Promote networking and data sharing through established standards common model=interoperability Purpose of ArcHydro, ArcMarine etc.

ArcMarine Design Strategy “Generic” Marine Data Model User Group Data Model User Group Data Model User Group Data Model Project Data Model Project Data Model Project Data Model Inheritance

Geodatabase Concepts ESRI's data object-oriented data model objects, features, behaviors Geodatabase collection of feature data sets, rasters, TINs all data in relational tables behavior is coupled with features through rules (object-orientation) Supports model-builder for processes Feature data set contains feature classes defines topological role of features has a coordinate system

Geodatabase Concepts ( cont. ) Feature class stored in a relational table special field for geometric shape geometric data incorporated into the database Point, multipoint, segment, path, ring, polyline, polygon

Geodatabase Feature Class Geometries

Real World Objects and relationships Database Schema (Object state) Physical Model Modeling Process Conceptual Model Lists, flow diagrams, etc Logical Model Diagram in CASE Tool Graphic courtesy of ESRI

Data Model Levels Increasing Abstraction Reality Conceptual Model Logical Model Physical Model Human- oriented Computer- oriented

Specific Steps in Data Modeling (1) Conceptualize the user's view of data what are the basic features needed to solve the problem? (2) Select the geographic representation points, lines, areas, rasters, TINs (3) Define objects, features, and relationships draw a UML diagram, specify relationships, “behaviors” (4) Match to geodatabase elements Refine relationships, “behaviors” (5) Organize geodatabase structure, add data

( 1 ) User’s View of Data

( 1 ) User’s View of Data cont.

(2) Select geographic rep.

Steps in Data Modeling (1) Conceptualize the user's view of data what are the basic features needed to solve the problem? (2) Select the geographic representation points, lines, areas, rasters, TINs (3) Define objects and relationships draw a UML diagram, specify relationships, “behaviors” (4) Match to geodatabase elements Refine relationships, “behaviors” (5) Organize geodatabase structure, add data

Unified Modeling Language Entity-relationship diagrams Design the methodologies, diagram notations UML Not a design methodology Just a diagrammatic notation based on methods Endorsed by leading software and database companies

UML ( cont. ) Diagrammatic notation = “visual language”... For constructing a data model Drawings, relationships constructed in Visio (other tools available) Tools to input a drawing into ArcGIS input drawing to the data model

UML Notation a class is shown as a box top part contains the name of the class lower part contains the attributes methods associated with the class lines connect boxes and indicate relationships

Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro team

UML Notation ( cont. ) Abstract class specify subclasses underneath Mammals w/human or dog feature classes no new instances Feature Class Specify subtypes underneath Human, dog, cat

Objects and Features Object (real world) in ArcGIS an object is non-spatial it is NOT a point, line, or area it has no geographic location it has no shape attribute in its table Drainage network, ship, vehicle, … customer, lake, house, etc. Feature (spatial context) an object that has geographic location a point, line, area, TIN, raster

Relationships Links between classes, shown as lines One to one One to many Many to many

Relationships (cont.) 1:1 - solid line one record in Class A linked to one record in Class B “is married to” the class of state capitals linked to the class of states 1:n - solid line with * at one end one record in Class A linked to any number of records in Class B "owns" the class of states linked to the class of area codes

Relationships (cont.) m:n - solid line with * at both ends any number of records in Class A linked to any number of records in Class B "has visited” "was never married to" the class of mountain lions linked to the class of wilderness areas

Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro team

Type Inheritance White triangle Class B inherits the properties (attributes, methods) of Class A the class street inherits from the class transportation network Solid diamond the parts and the whole depend on each other

Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro team

Steps in Data Modeling (1) Conceptualize the user's view of data what are the basic features needed to solve the problem? (2) Select the geographic representation points, lines, areas, rasters, TINs (3) Define objects and relationships draw a UML diagram, specify relationships, “behaviors” (4) Match to geodatabase elements Refine relationships, “behaviors” (5) Organize geodatabase structure, add data

Steps in Data Modeling (1) Conceptualize the user's view of data what are the basic features needed to solve the problem? (2) Select the geographic representation points, lines, areas, rasters, TINs (3) Define objects and relationships draw a UML diagram, specify relationships, “behaviors” (4) Match to geodatabase elements Refine relationships, “behaviors” (5) Organize geodatabase structure, add data e.g., Marine Data Model tutorial