2. Longley et al., ch. 8 Zeiler, chs. 4 and 5
Object-Orientation
Longley et al., ch. 8
Zeiler, chs. 4 and 5

3. Gateway to the Literature
Balram, S. and S. Dragicevic, Modeling collaborative GIS processes using soft systems theory, UML, and object oriented design. Transactions in GIS, 10(2):
Whiteaker, T.L., D.R. Maidment, J.L. Goodall and M. Takamatsu, Integrating Arc Hydro features with a schematic network. Transactions in GIS, 10(2):

4. Gateway to the Literature
An, L., M. Linderman, J. Qi, A. Shortridge and J. Liu, Exploring complexity in a human-environment system: An agent-based spatial model for multidisciplinary and multiscale integration. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(1):

5. Object-Oriented Data Modeling
Objects in the real world
have “natural” rules and relationships in the computer world
Rivers flow downstream
Roads handle levels of traffic
Land parcels respect landuse laws
How to build this intelligence into data structures?

6. OO Principles things in the world are instances of classes
John Smith - human being
Harrison Blvd. - street
Corvallis - city
Mary’s Peak - mountain (Hugh Grant’s hill??)
Identity, Inheritance, Encapsulation

7. OO Principles ( cont. ) Identity
classes form hierarchies
John Smith is an instance of the class male human beings
male human beings are a subclass of human beings
human beings are a subclass of mammals
mammals are a subclass of fauna
each subclass shares the properties of the class

8. OO Principles ( cont. ) Identity
geographic objects often group into complex objects
an airport is composed of runways, hangars, terminals
a state is composed of counties
an area coverage is composed of polygons, arcs, nodes

11. OO Principles ( cont. ): Inheritance
Object can inherit properites
old hierarchical database concept
objects can inherit properties that are true of all objects of that type
e.g., for all polygons
new county in Oregon, still can’t pump gas there
and can also add new properties
e.g., properties true only of a certain class
rural county, always has diesel gas

12. Inheritance in Arc Marine

13. OO Principles ( cont. ): Encapsulation ( Behavior )
Object can encapsulate behavior (functions)
what kinds of behavior?
editing rules
e.g, corners of a building must be square
might apply to all buildings but not all polygons
might apply only to some buildings
two adjacent objects must have the same common boundary

14. Object-Orientation Graphic
From An et al., 2005, Annals of the AAG

15. Behavior ( cont. ) attribute rules split and merge rules
e.g., range of possible numbers
dates in numerical format (only 1 to 12)
split and merge rules
1 feature split or 2 features merged, what happens to attributes?
e.g., split a street, the lengths of two parts are shares of the total
e.g., merge two polygons, their population counts are summed for the combined polygon
e.g., merge two polygons, their population densities are averaged, weighted by area

16. Example Merge Rule

17. Behavior ( cont. ) editing, attribute, split and merge rules
special procedures
e.g., procedure to measure areas of polygons
associated with polygon object type
e.g., procedure to annotate contours
specific interaction rules between objects
e.g., a liquor store cannot be within 500 m of a school
an offramp is required if a street and a freeway intersect
at least one stream must flow out of every stream junction

18. Object-Orientation Graphic
From An et al., 2005, Annals of the AAG

19. A “Smarter” Data Model/Data Structure
ArcInfo 7 coverage
geometric information not stored in database
ArcGIS geodatabase
stores geometric information as "shape" attribute
Links to object tables of “rules/behaviors”
Identity, Inheritance, Encapsulation (Behavior)

20. Arc Marine Data Model FeatureClass: TimeSeriesPoint
ObjectClass: Measurement

21. TimeSeriesPoint with Measurements1 *

22. Relationships

23. DHI TimeSeries Manager
Data
Access
Bridges
dfs
ASCII DB
GeoDatabase Bridge
...
GDB
XML

24. DHI TimeSeries Manager
Functionality
Data Access Bridges
TimeSeries Controls

25. DHI TimeSeries Manager
Arc Atmosphere
Arc Hydro
MIKE 21
Arc Marine
Geodatabase
ArcGIS
MIKE 11
TimeSeries Manager
Data Access Bridges
Slide courtesy of Michael Blongewicz, DHI-Environment
dfs0
MIKE GIS
MIKE Basin

26. Data Model Review A practical working template
A starting point for creating a geodatabase
An aid to simplify the integration of similar datasets
A way to facilitate the exchange of data
A support to existing standards
Feature
ObjectID
Geometry
LandObject
LandObjectID
TransactionID
SystemStartDate
OfficialStartDate
OfficialEndDate
SurveyPoint
SurveyBoundary
Point
Measurement
Computation
Coordinate
Project
Geodatabase *
The data models that ESRI works to create are a practical template for implementing a GIS project. They serve as a good starting point to help you create a geodatabase, or to use as a reference in refining your data model. When multiple people or organizations use the same data model the resulting databases have similar feature names and attributes, providing for easier interoperability. A good datamodel design can be key to making better decisions based on available data or geographic information, While supporting existing standards.

27. Use of a Data Model in an Analysis Model Model Builder geoprocessing diagrams for workflow
Geoprocessing models can be used to create schema, and are most commonly used to store work flow processes. Once you have a data model design that you are happy with, the work flow, or GIS functionality that you employ on the data, it can be preserved in this environment, and more easily shared with others. Notice the toolbox storing the Geoprocessing model can be represented and appended to the Geodatabase itself.

28. 3D Interpolation tool Sample resulting from collaboration between data models and ESRI developer Network (EDN)
New tools based on data model prototypes and case study testing.

29. 3D points displayed in volume space

33. ArcGIS Data Models Web site http://support.esri.com/datamodels
Over 25 industry-specific data models
Conceptual and logical diagrams
Case studies, Tips and Tricks documents
These data models are hosted at the support center website where you can find a description of the industry model, links to interest groups, forums, and key points of contact. In addition, at the website you will find available for download all of the case studies and design template documents that result from the collaborations that ESRI has with external groups to create these models.

34. Thematic Content - layer stack Thematic groupings of oceanographic data sets
Identifying the thematic groupings of the GIS ‘layer stack’ is a useful initial step towards giving names to the common elements that will be most important in the geodatabase. The layer stack is often the result of collaboration with many different people and organizations to assess the most useful layers that will be a part of the GIS analysis.

35. Arc Marine Thematic Layers

36. Arc Marine Thematic Layers