C F V Light In Side S > 0 Real Object Light Out Side S ’ > 0 Real Image C This Side, R > 0 S < 0 Virtual Object S ’ < 0 Virtual Image C This Side, R < 0 Optic Axis Definitions: C – Center of Curvature R – Radius of Curvature F – Focal Point (Same Side as C) V – Vertex Equations: Paraxial Approximation Concave Mirror Illustrated SPHERICAL MIRROR EQUATIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION

Surface 1 Surface 2 Light In Side S > 0 Real Object S ’ < 0 Virtual Image C 1 This Side, R 1 < 0 C 2 This Side, R 2 < 0 Light Out Side S < 0 Virtual Object S ’ > 0 Real Image C 1 This Side, R 1 > 0 C 2 This Side, R 2 > 0 n – Index of Refraction Definitions: C 1 – Center of Curvature, Surface 1 C 2 – Center of Curvature, Surface 2 Illustrated Lens is Double Convex Converging With C 1 on the Light Out Side and C 2 on the Light In Side Equations: THIN LENS EQUATIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION

Light In Side S > 0 Real Object S ’ < 0 Virtual Image C This Side, R < 0 n a – Index of Refraction Light Out Side S < 0 Virtual Object S ’ > 0 Real Image C This Side, R > 0 n b – Index of Refraction REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO OPTICAL MATERIALS Illustrated Interface Has C, Center of Curvature, On The Light Out Side, Thus R > 0 A Flat Interface Has R = ∞