C Programming Language Wang Jiunn Cheng 2003/07/29

References Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language, 2/e, Prentice Hall. Alice E. Fischer, David W. Eggert, Stephen M. Ross, Applied C: An Introduction and More, McGraw-Hill. Stephen Prata, C Primer Plus, 4/e, Sams.

Table of Contents Introduction A Tutorial Introduction Types, Operators, and Expressions Control Flow Functions and Program Structure Pointers and Arrays Structures Input and Output The UNIX System Interface

Introduction Historical Background of Languages –In 1957, IBM 704 and FORTRAN (the first compiled high-level imperative language)… –In 1958, MIT AI project and LISP (the first functional programming language)… –In 1958, ALGOL (the greatest influence algorithmic language)… –In 1960, COBOL (the most and oldest widely used language in business computing)… –In 1964, BASIC (the easiest language for beginners to learn and the most popular language on microcomputer)… –In 1970, PASCAL (the widely used as a teaching language)… –In 1972, UNIX and C (the most portable system language)… –In 1972, AI and Prolog (a nonprocedural logic programming language)… –In 1980, Smalltalk (the first object-oriented language)… –In 1983, DoD and Ada (the largest design effort language)… –In 1986, C++ (the combining imperative and object-oriented language)… –In 1990, Java (the simplest object-oriented language)…

Introduction Historical Background of Computers –The first generation (1946~1954)(the vacuum-tube era) In 1944, IBM Mark I (the first electromechanical computer)… In 1946, ENIAC (the first programmable electronic computer)… In 1951, UNIVAC (correctly predicts election of US president)… John von Neumann and EDVAC (the first stored-program computer)… MIT Whirlwind I (the first computer with a ferrite-core memory)… –The second Generation (1955~1964)(the transistor era) IBM 7094 (the very successfully transistorized commercial computer)… ALGOL, COBOL, and FORTRAN… main memories were replaced by ferrite cores and magnetic drums… switching circuits were replaced by transistors…

Introduction Historical Background of Computers (continued) –The third generation (1965~1974)(the IC era) transistor circuits were replaced by integrated circuits… ferrite-core main memories were replaced by semiconductor memories… microprogramming technique was widely used in CPU design… IBM 360 series (mainframe computer of industry standard)… CDC 6600, 7600, and Cyber series… ILLIAC IV (a notable supercomputer)… DEC PDP-5, PDP-8 series (the first commercial minicomputer)… –The fourth generation (1975~)(the VLSI era) microporcessors and microcomputers… In 1975, MIT Altair 8800 (the first microcomputer)… In 1977, APPLE II (the first well-known personal computer)… In 1981, IBM PC series… Motorola 6800 and series… Intel 8086/286/386 families… Intel iPSC (the first personal supercomputer)…

Introduction K & R A general-purpose programming language A relatively low level language A system programming language A machine-independent programming language A portable programming language Closely associated with UNIX system

How to conceive a program? thinking compiling linking Get a problem assigned by teachers or clients Conceive a solution or algorithm to solve this problem editing coding Write C programs of this task xxx.c xxx.cpp Verify source programs via C compiler Prune syntax or semantic errors xxx.o xxx.obj Correct the program logic reporting Print out the correct results Work complete! Create an executable program xxx xxx.exe Blue for UNIX Black for MS Windows running debugging Test program with data

Programming Studio Hello program –#include line –main() function –printf() function Fahrenheit-celsius conversion program –integer variables –arithmetic expressions –while loop –formatted printf()

Programming Studio (cont’d) The second version of conversion program –floating point variables –for loop The third version of conversion program –#define line File coping program –getchar() function –putchar() function –EOF constant –precedence and association of operators

Programming Studio (cont’d) Character counting program –prefix and postfix operators –overflow of integer variables –null statement Line counting program –if statement –== operator –character constant –ASCII character –newline character

Programming Studio (cont’d) Word counting program –if-else statement –|| operator Character occurrence counting program –integer array –consecutive increasing values of ASCII characters –multi-way decision of if-else statement

Programming Studio (cont’d) Power function program –power() function –arguments of function –return value of function –function prototype –call by value Finding the longest line program –character array –multiple functions –null character –void return type

Programming Studio (cont’d) The second version of finding program –external variable –extern declaration –multiple files

The first problem Write a program to print the following words on your console. “Trust me! You can make it! %? #include main() { printf(“Trust me! You can make it! %? }

Tokens stdio.h main printf <# { ; } include> () ( ) “Trust me! You can make it! %?

Typing Skill on Your Keyboard ASDF vs. JKL;

Vocabulary (1:~) Blue for C Programming Terminology Black for Vocabulary Chapter 1: (cont’d) –Approach –Drawback –Extrapolate –Framework –Tutorial –Concise –Precise –Elegant 1.1 –Hurdle –Leap –Text –Mechanical –Compile –Operating system –File –Botch –Omit –Character –Misspell 1.1 (cont’d) –Executable –Statement –Store –Subroutine –Procedure –Perform –Appendix –Communicate –List –Argument –Parentheses –Braces –String –Quote –Sequence –Notation 1.1 (cont’d) –Newline –Margin –Error message –Automatically –Identical –Escape sequence –Extensible –Mechanism –Invisible –Tab –Backspace –Double quote –Backslash Chapter 1: –Essential –Language –Program –Bog –Precise –Concentrate –Variable –Constant –Arithmetic –Control flow –Function –Rudiment –Intentionally –Exception –Point –Structure –Operator –Statement –Standard –Library

Vocabulary (1.2) 1.2 –Expression –Formula –Temperature –Equivalent –Comment –Declaration –Loop –Formatted output –Briefly –Ignore –Blank –Announce –Property –Type –Integer –Floating point –Fractional part –Bit –Quantity 1.2 (cont’d) –Significant –Digit –Magnitude –Byte –Double-precision –Object –Array –Structure –Union –Pointer –Assignment –Conversion –Initial –Individual –Semicolon –Indent –Glance –Emphasize –Critical –Recommend 1.2 (cont’d) –Passionate –Consistently –Multiply –Divide –Division –Truncate –Discard –Normally –Accessible –Behavior –Conform –Concentrate –Defer –Right-justified –Accurate –Version –Decimal point –Formula –Operand –Explicit 1.2 (cont’d) –Width –Specification –Octal –Hexadecimal –Elimination –Limit –Construction –Context 1.3 –Permissible –Complicated –Evaluate –Initialization –Condition –Increment –Arbitrary –Appropriate –Compact –Reverse

Vocabulary (1.4~) 1.4 –Observation –Convey –Symbolic –Replacement –Conventionally –Distinguish 1.5 –Prototype –Model –Stream –Responsibility –Conform –Keyboard –Screen –Interleaved –Relational operator –Bit pattern –Subtle –Valid –Solution –Distinctive –Confused –End of file –Signal –Centralize –Shrink –Idiom –Style –Impenetrable –Curb –Precedence –Absence –Encounter –Count –Decrement –Prefix –Postfix –Accumulate –Overflow –Cope –Suppress –Grammatical –Isolate –Null statement –Separate –Intelligently –Boundary –Mention –Caution –Occasionally –Legal –Warning –Obvious –Topic –Unambiguous –Bare-bone –Literal –Tiny –Clarity –Associate –Guarantee –Truth –Falsehood –Alternative

Vocabulary (1.6~) 1.6 –Artificial –Illustrate –Aspect –Category –Subscript –Consecutive –Frequently –Advisable –Branch –Histogram –Bar –Horizontal –Vertical –Orientation –Challenge 1.7 –Encapsulate –Implementation –Exponentiation –Conflict –Return –Environment –Erroneous –Prototype –Parameter –Optional –Documentation –Syntax 1.8 –Pass –Reference –Temporary –Asset –Liability –Extraneous 1.9 –Manipulate –Fetch –Sticky –Limit –Brevity –Issue –Revise –Trailing blanks –Remove 1.10 –Automatic –Invocation –Garbage –External –Globally –Permanently –Storage –Concrete –Allocate –Syntactically –Circumstance –Destroy –Core –Pause –Complexity