Buildings Background David Culler University of California, Berkeley LoCal Project Pretreat June 8, 2009 “Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware,

2 Buldings & Energy Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007 The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since % Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since % Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas. Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

EPA Nat Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 30% of energy consumed in buildings is wasted 66% electrical, 34% gas and other 15.5 kWh per square foot * 2003 EIA Commercial Building Consumption Survey

UCB today Consumes 210 M kwh annually [campus sustainability assessment] Buildings 130 M kwh annually [demandless] –approx $13 M Top 15 buildings are 2-4 time national average khw/sq ft and constitute 58% of the 130 M IT is a big part of the problem IT can potentially be a big part of the solution –We need to gain most of the reduction by utilizing existing facilities better –“Physical” Information processing to identify where the energy goes, what to change and how. –Big gains come from changing Operation Processes –IT is key to providing the energy awareness to guide action

Building Energy and Power Density Stanley Koshland Soda Cory LSA McCone

Soda Hall Huge baseline load! 1300 SCADA sense/control points inaccessible for analysis –No clear understanding of what knobs to turn or when Servers / Clusters HVAC / CRU / PDU support Lighting HVAC & Plug Loads 443 ~1200

Structural: Soda Electrical 12 KV dist. 2x Substation 1200 A 277/480 3 phase 2500 A 120/208 3 phase 2x Chiller MCM1 HP1A 400 HP1A 400 HP2A 600 HP3A 400 HP4A 400 HP5A 400 HP6A 100 HP7A 400 MCM2 Lighting Pumps Fans Machine Rooms Offices Classrooms LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP1A 400 LP2A 800 HP3A 400 HP4A 400 HP5A 400 HP6A 100 HP7A 400 LP1B 400 LP2B 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP3B 225 LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP4B 225 LP2E 225 LP2C 225 LP5B 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP2B 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP2B 225 LP2K 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2K 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 LP2J 225 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2F 225 ~42 circuits each

Structural: Soda HVAC Blow cold air throughout building Maintain circulation Adjust cooling with vents and VFDs Heat it where needed AC determined by needs of the worst heat load –Comm closet 2x chillers Cooling Towers Pumps Fans Machine Room ACCs

Legacy MonitoringL SCADA 1300 sense / ctrl points in Soda Hall Vast database of action / effect Marooned !!! No science to turning all the knobs

11 “Real World” Information Water Usage, Temp., QualitySecurity and Access ControlGas and Electric UsageHeating, AC, and VentilationSmoke, Fire, CO, RadonSmart AppliancesDigital Health DevicesBaby Monitor (Elder care)Entertainment SystemVideo Game Consoles Clocks and Calendars Exercise Units Disintegrates – down the drain

Visibility Enables LoCal Automated Control Facility Mgmt User Demand Supervisory Control Community Feedback High-fidelity visibility