Carbohydrates. A Few Questions 1) What is the general term used for the simplest carbohydrates? 2) What structural difference is found in the straight.

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Presentation transcript:

Carbohydrates

A Few Questions 1) What is the general term used for the simplest carbohydrates? 2) What structural difference is found in the straight chain forms of D-Glucose and D-Fructose? 3) What causes lactose intolerance? 4) What are three differences between glycogen and cellulose? 5) What are lectins and what are some processes they mediate?

What are Carbohydrates? Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones usually have “ose” suffix Simple sugars Simple sugarsMonosaccharidesDisacccharides Complex carbohydrates Complex carbohydratesOligosaccharidesPolysaccharides

Functions of Carbohydrates Stored chemical energy (oxidized to release energy) Stored chemical energy (oxidized to release energy) Component of nucleotides Component of nucleotides nucleic acids – DNA and RNA coenzymes – NADH, coenzyme A……. Structural role (ie cell walls) Structural role (ie cell walls) Linked to proteins and lipids Linked to proteins and lipids cell surface recognition points

Monosaccharides Foundational building block of carbohydrates Foundational building block of carbohydrates (C-H 2 O) n n = 3-9 typically (C-H 2 O) n n = 3-9 typically “carbon hydrate” Typically D enantiomer Typically D enantiomer What causes this? Why is it important? Straight chain form or cyclic form Straight chain form or cyclic form

Aldoses (trioses to hexoses)

Ketoses (trioses to hexoses)

Pyranose vs Furanose 6 membered ring 5 membered ring

Forms of D-Glucose

Forms of D-Fructose

Cyclic form of D-Ribose

Glycosidic Bonds

Sugar Phosphorylation Traps them within the cell (anionic) Makes them more reactive

Disaccharides Maltose

Disaccharides

Lactose Intolerance What is it? What is it? What causes it? What causes it? How do we deal with it? How do we deal with it?

Polysaccharides - Starch Amylose (  -1,4) Amylopectin (  -1,4 with  -1,6 about every 30)

Polysaccharides - Glycogen (  -1,4 with  -1,6 about every 10)

Polysaccharides - Cellulose (  -1,4 linkages giving a very linear structure) Dietary fiber

Glycoproteins O-linked vs N-linked

Lectins Mediate cell-cell interaction (ie in development and wound healing)

Lectins can mediate bacterial and viral infection

Selectins L – on lymphocytes and mediate binding to lymph node vessels (also mediate embryonic implantation) E – on circulating cells binding to endothelium P – on activated blood platelets