THE HYDROGEN SAFETY PROGRAM OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Patrick Davis, U.S. Department of Energy Bruce Kinzey, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Antonio Ruiz, U.S. Department of Energy

Goal : Develop and implement the practices and procedures that will ensure safety in the operation, handling and use of hydrogen and hydrogen systems for all DOE funded projects and to utilize these practices and lessons learned to promote the safe use of hydrogen throughout the emerging hydrogen economy. Hydrogen Safety - R&D - Training - Safety of DOE Projects & Best Practices - Codes and Standards - Components; sensors, tanks, valves, etc. Critical Relationship Between Codes and Standards & Safety

Domestic Codes and Standards –Support of Standards Development Organizations (SDO) and Code Development Organizations (CDO) –Support of R&D needed by SDOs and CDOs International Codes and Standards –Direct participation in activities, facilitation of US participation –Support to DOT in their role as US lead in GTR process Hydrogen Quality –Coordinate test efforts to verify quality needs Component Testing –Testing of components to verify required performance and aid standards process (i.e., tanks, valves) Safety Codes and Standards

Hydrogen R&D –Hydrogen compatible materials –Release scenarios –Risk Assessment Training (HAMMER) –Development of curriculum for first responders –Training Hardware/Simulations Safety Panel –Independent panel formed to evaluate hydrogen related operations –Diverse representation (hydrogen experts, safety engineers, academia, fire professionals, and auto, fuel & insurance industries) –All program activities reviewed by panel (safety plans, site visits) –Projects reviewed annually for safety Safety Sensors –Development of sensor technology (suspended for FY05) Total FY05 Budget, Safety, Codes and Standards: $5.9M Current Hydrogen Safety Activities

Materials R&D: 6 of 15 Chapters now available of hydrogen material classes Increased H 2 gas pressure lowers threshold for H 2 -assisted crack growth Effect of Strength on Cracking in H 2 Increased material strength lowers threshold for H 2 -assisted crack growth Stainless Steels and Ni Alloys Effect of Pressure on Cracking in H2

Hydrogen Combustion and Release Scenarios – Sandia National Laboratory Impinging jet, 10 ft impingement diameter Experimentally Measure Heat Flux C*(x/L) = 4  R 2 q rad (x/L) / S rad Thermal Radiation Models Flame Characterization Flammability Limits & Ignition Probabilities

Engage stakeholders to explore risk assessment tools and discuss viability of RA work to support the development of hydrogen codes and standards Expert Panels Failure Modes and Effects Analysis - FMEA Probabilistic Risk Assessment - PRA More objective, costly, time consuming, quantitative Subjective, cheap, fast, less quantitative Conclusions: -CDO/SDO communities favor different RA methods -Obtaining data is a critical barrier to successful RA (several working groups formed) -How safe is safe enough? Risk Assessment (RA) Workshop 2006 Activities will Increase Support of Risk Assessment Work

HAMMER Facilities and Props 80-Acre Main Campus 75-Acre Expansion Area 18 Classrooms 2 Computer-Based Training Centers 2 Conference Rooms Library 4 Indoor Open-Bay Areas 29 Outdoor Training Props Satellite/Distance Learning Capabilities Staff Offices Restaurant HAMMER Training Facility Hands-on training with life-sized props for first responders, fire officials and others. Computer-based distance training First training session held August 30-31, 2005

HAMMER Facility

Provide expertise and guidance to the DOE and assist with identifying areas of additional research necessary to fill safety information gaps –Site visits –Phone Interviews –Safety Plans Safety Plans - Integrate safety procedures into all DOE project-funding procurements to ensure that all projects incorporate hydrogen safety requirements. By 2007, help guide DOE in publishing a handbook of “Best Management Practices for Safety” Safety Panel

Project Plans –All solicitations since 2004 are evaluated for safety and require safety plan submittal upon award. Office Safety Plan –How the office will implement hydrogen safety activities. Completion Fall 2005 Hydrogen Incident Communications Plan –Completion in Fall 2005 Incident Plan –Completion Fall 2005 Best Management Practices –A compilation of best industry practices and safety lessons learned to be published in FY07 Safety Related Planning

Collaboration National and International Collaboration is Critical to Success Sharing of hydrogen R&D data Sharing of Lessons Learned –Development of an international database on hydrogen incidents Harmonization of Codes and Standards

Annual Progress Report Website: For More Information Patrick Davis: Antonio Ruiz: