2007Theo Schouten1 Introduction

2007Theo Schouten2 Human Eye Cones, Rods Reaction time: 0.1 sec (enough for transferring 100 nerve stimuli) Parallel processing by nerve cells (neurons) Adjustment to light intensity (factor ) Stereo: 2 eyes and their continuous movement, focusing Continuous assimilation of moving images

2007Theo Schouten3 Visual effects

2007Theo Schouten4 Steps in image processing Production (CCD camera, CT, MRI ) Storage, transmission and compression Transformation eg to a Fourier or Wavelet space Restoration, e.g. lens distortions or movement Enhancement: making suitable for an application Segmentation: finding (parts of) relevent objects –finding edges: local deviations in an image –finding surface areas: local similarities Describing and measuring of regions and objects Image understanding (Pattern recognition, classical, neural networks, AI)

2007Theo Schouten5 Special methods 2 and 3 D Computed Tomography (CT) images to make it possible to view the interior of an object. binary images, e.g. mathematical morphology color and in general multispectral images texture (fine structures on a surface) 3-D reconstruction out of stereo images video processing (movement, 3-D) 3D image processing

2007Theo Schouten6 Computing challenges the large amount of data high complexity of algorithms high speed requirements –parallel machines, algorithms –special purpose chips, CPU’s real-time requirements –image recorders, robots, production machines

2007Theo Schouten7 Optimizing code /* slow.c */ #define SIZE 4096 float imin[SIZE][SIZE], imout[SIZE][SIZE]; int main(int argc, char **argv) { int i, j, k, l; /* initialize image */ for(i=0; i < SIZE; i++) for(j=0; j < SIZE; j++) imin[j][i] = (i+j) % 256; /* average each pixel with its neighbours */ for(i=0; i < SIZE; i++) { for(j=0; j < SIZE; j++) { if( i == 0 || j == 0 ) imout[j][i] = imin[j][i]; else if( i == SIZE-1 || j == SIZE-1 ) imout[j][i] = imin[j][i]; else { imout[j][i] = 0; for(k=-1; k < 2 ; k++) for(l=-1; l < 2; l++) imout[j][i] += imin[j+l][i+k]; imout[j][i] /= 9 ; }}}}

2007Theo Schouten8 Relation other science fields Signal Analysis; 1D signal. Geometry; position, orientation and size of objects from 3-D measurements Linear Algebra Estimation Theory; eg compression of images or in determining the movement of objects. Statistical Pattern recognition; classification Syntactical Pattern recognition; structure of an image Artificial Intelligence; representation and manipulation of knowledge information that is extracted from images. Real Time Systems; interaction with other machines. System and Computer Architecture; parallel (1 CPU per pixel); special processors Computer Graphics; for projecting the images and showing the results of the manipulations User Interfaces; for good interaction with the software systems used for image manipulations.

2007Theo Schouten9 Uses of image processing Medical Imaging Machine en Robot vision (industrial production and inspection ) Remote Sensing (satellite and aerial photos) graphical and game industry, image editing in combination with computer graphics consumer photo and video editing

2007Theo Schouten10 Integrated Examination 4 assignments 1 st individual, rest in groups working towards a goal all assignments must have been handed in final grade is average if all grades are 5 or more –otherwise the lowest grade

2007Theo Schouten11 FEED Fast Exact Euclidean Distance transformation Joint research with Egon van den Broek en Harco Kuppens

2007Theo Schouten12 Video Surveillance

2007Theo Schouten13 Depth from floor contact