Leonardo’s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies Ben Shneiderman Founding Director ( ), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (

Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks Predict and measure time to learn speed of performance rate of human errors human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context

Design Issues Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training hcibib.org useit.com

U.S. Library of Congress Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Teachers, Students

Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors Surgeons Researchers Students

NASA Environmental Data Scientists Farmers Land planners Students

Bureau of the Census Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Teachers, Students

NSF Digital Government Initiative Find what you need Understand what you Find Census, NCHS, BLS, EIA, NASS, SSA

International Children’s Digital Libary

Zooming User Interfaces

Zooming User Interfaces: DateLens

Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci ( )

Treemap: Stock market, industry clustered

Treemap: Newsmap

Treemap: Product catalogs

Treemap: Gene Ontology

LifeLines

Leonardo’s Laptop The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop

An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Renaissance Man Combined science & art Integrated engineering & esthetics Balanced technology advances & human values Merged visionary & practical

Goals for The New Computing 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

1) Usable: Ending User Frustration Goal: make computer usage less frustrating Identify top ten frustrations Measure severity & frequency in lost time Determine if the situation is improving

1) Time diary study Self reports & observations (111 students) Pre-session survey: demographic information computer experience and attitudes level of computer anxiety, mood Users spend 2.5 hours (average) Report their frustrating experiences Post-session survey: assess mood after the session overall frustration level loss of time

1) Frequent Frustrations (out of 373) Internet Applications Operating System timed out/dropped/ refused connections (32) error messages (35) crashes (16) long download time (23)freezes (24)wrong response (10) web page/site not found (17) missing/ hard to find features (23) slow response (8) (15)crashes (13)unexpected message boxes (6)

1) Minutes lost (111 subjects) – 46% OS Web browsing Other minutes lost Productive minutes Total minutes: 17,453 Minutes lost:

2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling U.S. Department of Commerce Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment

User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May ) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment

2) Universal Usability in Practice

3) Useful: Generative Theories Beneficial theories: - Descriptive - Explanatory - Predictive - Prescriptive but the big step forward will be - Generative Theories to guide our invention of new technologies

Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs Physiological Safety Love Esteem Self-Actualization Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy 3) Theories of Human Needs

Relationships Self: working on your own Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates Colleagues & Neighbors: acquaintances Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more Human Needs for Relationships

Activities Collect: Information Relate: Communication Create: Innovation Donate: Dissemination Human Needs for Activities

Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex? - Are these useful activities?

Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate IdenticamPhotoDiary PhotoFinder PhotoMesa Album sharing StoryStarterFamily photo history PhotoFinder Kiosk PhotoWall PhotoFinder Webstarter PhotoQuiltPhoto sharing

PhotoFinder

PhotoMesa

Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Medical logDiary Find-a- Friend MusicListsFamily vacation history InfoDoors Gather Send-a-Link WebBushes WorldWide Med Million person communities Medical diagnosis Tourist sharing Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets

Future Directions E-learning: The new education E-business: The new commerce E-healthcare: The new medicine E-government: The new politics Mega-creativity Grander Goals & The Next Leonardo

Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 22 nd Annual Symposium June 2-3, 2005

Action Items Developers: Apply usability guidelines & testing methods Web producers: Develop UU statements Managers: Provide responsible leadership Journalists: Raise public expectations Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements Funders: Expand research on usability Educators: Disseminate scientific results Researchers: Explore bold new visions Getting to the Golden Age of Usability

ACM Code of Ethics In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.