Computers in Your Future 2004 Bryan Pfaffenberger and Bill Daley Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Slides created by Bob Koziel

Tips for using the slide show Use MS Power Point XP to view the presentation. Earlier versions will not show the animations correctly. Slides with : Click the slide to view all of its sections and animations. Some slides need to be clicked several times. will appear once the last object on the slide has appeared. Click to go to the next slide. represents an Internet link that will take you to the Web site when you click on it. Internet connection required. Clicking on the or icon will take you to the previous or the next slide. Slides with videos or sounds: Click on the picture to view videos or listen to sounds. NEXT SLIDE I NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

COMPUTERS IN YOUR FUTURE 2004 by Bryan Pfaffenberger and Bill Daley Inside the System Unit Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Inside the System Unit What You Will Learn Description of the data computers transfer or store Components found inside the system unit Components found on the motherboard How the CPU processes data Characteristics of a microprocessor’s performance Types of memory Purpose and types of expansion buses Differences between analog and digital electrical impulses NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Describing Hardware Performance OFF ON OR = 1 bit 1 = 1 Byte 1 1 1 OR = 1 Byte 1 1 Hardware performance refers to the amount of data a computer can store and how fast it can process the data. Bit (Binary digit)– On or off state of electric current; considered the basic unit of information; represented by 1s and 0s (binary numbers). Byte– Eight bits grouped together to represent a character (an alphabetical letter, a number, or a punctuation symbol); 256 different combinations. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Millions, Billions, and More 8 bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1,048,576 Bytes = 1 Megabyte (MB) 1,043,741,824 Bytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB) 1,099,511,627,776 Bytes = 1 Terabyte (TB) Kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, and terabyte are terms that describe large units of data. Data storage is measured using these terms. Example: 20 GB hard drive NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Millions, Billions, and More 1000 bits = 1 kilobit (kb) 1,000,000 bits = 1 megabit (mb) 1,000,000,000 bits = 1 gigabit (gb) Kilobits, megabits, and gigabits are terms that describe units of data. Used for measuring data transfer rate (bits per second). Example: 56 kbps NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc The System Unit The system unit is boxlike case that houses the computer’s main hardware components. Space taken up on the desk is called a footprint. Form factor refers to how the internal components are mounted in the unit. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Types of System Units Notebook Desktop Personal Digital Assistant NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Inside the System Unit Motherboard (mainboard)– Large printed circuit board with thousands of electrical circuits Power supply– Transforms alternating current (AC) from wall outlets to direct current (DC) needed by the computer Cooling fan– Keeps the system unit cool Internal Speaker– Used for beeps when error is encountered Drive bays– Housing for the computer’s hard drive, floppy drive, and CD-ROM / DVD-ROM drives NEXT SLIDE I Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc The Motherboard Click on terms to view larger images and information Microprocessor Keyboard / Mouse Ports Printer Port Memory Slots Video Port AGP Slot PCI Slots Chipset Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Components of the CPU Control unit– Coordinates and controls all parts of the computer system. Arithmetic-Logic unit– Performs arithmetic or logical operations. Registers– Store the most frequently used instructions and data. NEXT SLIDE I Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc CPUs at Work Control Unit– Manages four basic operations (fetch, decode, execute, and write-back). The machine cycle or processing cycle: Instruction Cycle Fetch- Gets next program instruction from the computer’s memory. Decode- Figures out what the program is telling the computer to do. Execution Cycle Execute- Performs the requested action. Write-back (Store)- Writes (stores) the results to a register or to memory. Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)– Performs basic arithmetic or logic operations. Adds, subtracts, multiplies, and divides Compares data to determine which one is larger or smaller. NEXT SLIDE I Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc The Processing Cycle Click to animate. Click one time only Control unit ALU Memory NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Microprocessor Performance Data bus width– The number of pathways within the CPU that transfer data (8, 16, 32, or 64) Word size– The maximum number of bits of data that the CPU can process at a time (8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, or 64 bits) Operations per cycle (clock speed)– The number of clock cycles per second measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz). Superscalar– Carrying out more than one instruction per clock cycle. Pipelining– Feeding a new instruction into the CPU at every step of the processing cycle. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Parallel Processing Parallel processing involves using more than one CPU to improve performance. Complex instruction set computer (CISC)– A chip that includes special-purpose circuits that carry out instructions at high speeds. Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)– A chip with a bare-bones instruction set that results in a faster processing speed than CISC chips. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Popular CPUs Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Intel Pentium IV Pentium III Pentium MMX Motorola (Apple) Cyrix NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Memory Flash RAM ROM Memory is a term for a device that enables the computer to retain (store) information. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Memory Modules Memory modules are narrow printed circuit boards that hold memory chips. Three types of modules: Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM)– 30- or 72-pin connectors. Available in 1 MB, 4 MB, 16 MB, and 32 MB versions. Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)– 168- or 184-pin connector. Available in 8 MB, 16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, and 512 MB versions. Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM)–Look like DIMMs but are not interchangeable with DIMMs. NEXT SLIDE I Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Memory Modules DIMM RIMM NOTEBOOK DIMM SIMM NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Memory Categories Volatile memory– Contents of memory are erased when power supply is turned off. It is temporary storage. RAM– Random access memory holds data in locations called memory addresses. Cache memory– Memory that the processor uses to store frequently used instructions and data. Virtual memory– The computer uses the hard disk as an extension of RAM. Nonvolatile memory– Contents of memory are not erased when power is turned off. ROM– Read-only memory provides the instructions to start the computer. Flash memory– Memory that can be rewritten. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Random Access Memory / RAM RAM is a type of volatile memory that stores information temporarily so that it’s available to the CPU. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Types of RAM Dynamic RAM– A memory chip that needs to be refreshed periodically, or it will lose its data. Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)– Synchronized with the computer’s system clock. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)– Uses fast bus to send and receive data within one clock cycle. Faster than SDRAM. Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)– A type of SDRAM that can send and receive data within one clock cycle. NEXT SLIDE I Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc HOW RAM WORKS CLICK TO BEGIN ANIMATION MONITOR WEB RAM KEYBOARD CPU NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Virtual Memory FULL Virtual memory involves: Part of the hard disk is reserved as RAM. When RAM modules become full, the CPU accesses the hard disk to store and retrieve data. Slower than RAM. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc BIOS and CMOS BIOS– Basic input/output system is stored in ROM. Its instructions provide the boot sequence when starting the computer. The boot sequence includes: POST– Power-on self-test checks memory and configures video and other hardware. Locating the disk drive with the boot sector which contains the operating system. CMOS– Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor is a type of memory which stores essential startup options. It stores the amount of memory installed and tracks date and time. It is volatile. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Cache Memory Primary cache (Level 1 or L1)– Located within the CPU chip, it is the memory the microprocessor uses to store frequently used instructions and data. Secondary cache (Level 2 or L2; Backside Cache)– Located near the CPU, it is the memory between the CPU and RAM. It is faster than RAM. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Chipset A chipset is a collection of chips that work together. It provides circuitry to move data to and from the rest of the computer. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Input/Output (I/O) Buses Expansion slots Expansion card I/O buses are pathways that enable the CPU to communicate with input/output devices. Typically the buses contain slots, called expansion slots, in which expansion cards are inserted. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Types of I/O Buses Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)– Is the slowest type of bus. Personal Computer Interface (PCI)– Is faster than ISA and supports plug and play. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)– Are designed for video adapters. Universal Serial Bus (USB)– Allows up to 127 devices to be connected to the computer at one time. It supports plug and play. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Outside the System Unit Drive bays On/off switch Reset button BACK Indicator lights FRONT Power switch– Is located on the back. It turns power on/off to the computer. Receptacles– Also called connectors or ports, are located on the back to plug in peripheral devices, keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Front panel– Contains drive bays, various buttons, and lights. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Types of Ports Click on a port below to view information about it. Click again to remove the text. VGA connector– A 15 pin connector used for monitors Game port– A connector for high speed access for graphics-intensive interaction. Sound card connectors– Also called jacks, they accept stereo mini-plugs. Microphone, line-in, line-out, and speaker connectors are used. Parallel port– Data flows through eight wires allowing the transfer of eight bits of data simultaneously; faster than serial ports. Serial port– Data flows in a series of pulses, one after another one bit at a time; slow data transfer rate. PS/2 port (mouse port)– Special serial port to connect mouse. PS/2 port (keyboard port)– Special serial port to connect keyboard. Universal Serial Bus (USB)– Allows up to 127 devices to be connected at a time. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

The difference between serial and parallel ports NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

How a Computer Represents Data Digital Analog ON OFF Computers represent data through electronic signals or impulses. Two types of signals: Analog– Continuous waveform. Examples: talking and computerized gas pumps Digital– On/off electrical states (bit). Examples: light switches and transistors NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Character Codes Numerical data, that computers use; translated into characters readable by humans. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)– Eight bits; used by minicomputers and personal computers Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)– Eight bits; used by mainframe computers Unicode– Uses 16 bits; over 65,000 combinations 1 = 4 1 = A NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Chapter 2 Summary The basic unit of information is the bit. Large units of data are kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), and terabyte (TB). The motherboard is a circuit board that provides receptacles for chips and input/output buses. The central processing unit (CPU) contains the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). It manages the four basic operations (fetch, decode, execute, and write-back). The CPU’s performance is measured by the data bus width, operations per second, speed, and cache memory. Random access memory (RAM) is the computer’s main memory. It is volatile. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Chapter 2 Summary cont. There are various types of RAM. They include dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), and double data rate (DDR)SDRAM. Peripheral devices connect to the computer on the outside of the case. Computers have ports such as serial ports, parallel ports, SCSI ports, USB ports, FireWire ports, and IrDA ports to connect input/output devices. Analog computers measure and digital computers count. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc THE END Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Microprocessor (CPU)- Central processing unit interprets and carries out instructions given by software. CPU socket CPU Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc RETURN

Memory- Enables the computer to retain information. RAM slots RAM module Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc RETURN

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Chipset- A collection of chips that provide the switching circuitry needed to move data. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc RETURN

Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc Input/Output buses- Pathways that allow the microprocessor to communicate with input and output devices. Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc RETURN