Harmonic Oscillator
Hooke’s Law The Newtonian form of the spring force is Hooke’s Law. Restoring forceRestoring force Linear with displacement.Linear with displacement. The Lagrangian form uses the potential energy. L+ x L - x L
Energy Curve The spring force has a potential energy V = ½ kx 2. Minimum energy at equilibrium. No velocity, K = ½ mv 2 = 0 A higher energy has two turning points. Corresponds to K = 0 In between K > 0 Motion forbidden outside range V x E x1x1 x2x2 x0x0 E0E0
Potential Well An arbitrary potential near equilibrium can be approximated with a spring potential. Second order series expansion First derivative is zero V x x0x0 E0E0
Stability For positive k, the motion is like a spring. Stable oscillations about a pointStable oscillations about a point For negative k, the motion is unstable. V x xSxS E0E0 xUxU unstable
Complex Solutions The differential equation at stable equilibrium has a complex solution. Euler’s formulaEuler’s formula Real part is physicalReal part is physical r ir sin r cos Re Im Complex conjugate for real solution
Damping Force Small damping forces are velocity dependent. Not from a potential Generalized force on right side The differential equation can be solved with an exponential. Possibly complex Quadratic expression must vanish
Three Cases The quadratic equation in has three forms depending on the constants. If , is real. Overdamped solutionOverdamped solution If , is zero. Critically damped solutionCritically damped solution If , is imaginary. Underdamped solutionUnderdamped solution
Quality Factor The energy in a damped oscillator is dissipated. Work done by friction Lightly damped systems have periods close to undamped. Damping 0 Quality factor Q measures energy loss per radian. next